3. • Introduction
• Classification criteria
• Specific types
• Predisposing factors
• Microbiology of Nosocomial Infections- Causative
Agents
• Possible Routes of Spread
• Effect
• Prevention and Control

4.  An infection acquired in hospital by a patient who
was admitted for a reason other than that infection
.
 An infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or
other health care facility in which the infection was
not present or incubating at the time of admission

6. To be classified as a Nosocomial infection, the
infection must have occurred;
 up to 48 hours after hospital admission
 up to 3 days after discharge
 up to 30 days after an operation
 In a healthcare facility when a patient was
admitted for reasons other than the infection.

7. • Surgical wounds infections.
• Urinary tract infections
• Lower respiratory tract infections
• Vascular catheter infections
• Septicaemia/ Blood stream infections.
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Gastroenteritis
• Sinusitis and other enteric infections, infections of the
eye and conjunctiva.
• Endometritis and other infections of the reproductive
organs following childbirth

9.  Microbial Agents
 Patient’s Susceptibility- age, immune status,
underlying disease, and diagnostic and
therapeutic interventions.
 Environmental Factors
 Bacteria Resistance

10. 1. Bacteria- Commensal Bacteria e.g S.epidermidis.
Pathogenic bacteria e.g
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S.aureus.
Gram-Positive bacteria
Gram-Negative bacteria e.g (HACEK
group)
2. Viruses
3. Parasites and Fungi

11.  Contact transmission- Direct and indirect
 Droplet transmission
 Airborne transmission
 Common vehicle transmission
 Vector borne transmission

12.  AGE
 SURGERY
 CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE
 LOSS OF SKIN INTEGRITY
 TRAUMA
 ABOMINAL DRAINS
 INTRAVENOUS CATHETERS
 DURATION OF CATHETERS

14. • Add to functional disability and emotional stress of the
patient and may, in some cases, lead to disabling
conditions that reduce the quality of life.
• Among the major causes of death and increased
morbidity among hospitalized patients.
• Add to the imbalance between resource allocation for
primary and secondary health care by diverting scarce
funds to the management of potentially preventable
conditions.
• Significant burden both for the patient and for public
health

15. • Implement quality assurance/ quality control measures
to the health care sectors.
• Strict adherence to basic sanitation protocols
• Touch surfaces Sanitation.
• Effective Sterilisation.
• Isolation
• Hand-washing
• Consistent Use of Personal Protective Equipments e.g
Gloves and Aprons during patient care.

16.  Confirm that an outbreak
 Establish or verify diagnosis of reported cases;
identify agent
 Search for additional cases; collect critical data
and specimens
 Characterize the cases by person, place, and
time

17. • Formulate tentative hypothesis (make the best
guess to
explain the observations
• Test hypothesis
• Consider control measures alternative - institute
most appropriate
• Evaluate efficacy of control measures