Biosafety in hospitals,case studies in pakistan

1. PREVALENCE AND SCOPE OF THE
PROBLEM IN PAKISTAN
• The issue of nosocomial infections in public sector hospitals of
Pakistan is largely ignored despite of its vital importance.
•
• Little literature is available on hospital acquired infections in
Pakistan and related issues such as frequent occurrence of
multi-resistant bacteria, and the economic loss and
suffering of individuals, who bear the high health care costs.
•
• There is a lack of awareness and education in hospital
acquired infections among people . However, other social,
ethical and economic factors also serve as hindrance .

2. CASE STUDY#1
• Objective: To assess the frequency of nosocomial infection in
patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU),conducted at
Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan in 2008.
• During the study period of 11 months, 97 out of 333 patients
acquired nosocomial infection.
•
• Respiratory tract infection (30.1%)
• Urinary tract infection (39.1%)
• blood stream infection (23.7%)
•
Conclusion: Patients admitted in intensive care unit are at more risk
of acquiring nosocomial infection.

3. CASE STUDY#2
• Objective: To assess prevalence of nosocomial infetions in the
Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi.
•
• Total of 63 out of 233 had number of Nosocomial Infections at
prevalence rate 27.03%.
• The most common Nosocomial infection was Respiratory tract
infections 39.7%
• urinary tract infections 22.2%
• Blood stream infections 12.7%
• ventilator associated pneumonia 12.7%
• surgical site infections 12.7%.
•
Conclusion: Alarming rates of nosocomial infection among patients in
ICUs. ICU acquired infections are major health problem globally, in
developing countries like Pakistan.

4. CASE STUDY#3
• Objective: To find out the extent of MRSA in hospitalized patients
in Military Hospital Rawalpindi.
•
• Clinical isolates of MRSA, isolated from different clinical samples of
pus, pus swab, tissue, body fluids, blood, sputum, urine,
catheter tips were included in the study.
•
• MRSA were most frequently isolated from pus, pus swab, blood
and urine. (42.01%)
• Conclusion: The high frequency of MRSA in the study reflects a
compromise in the state of aseptic techniques such as hand
washing, use of gown and masks, isolation of MRSA patients,
sterilization and disinfection.

5. References:
FREQUENCY, PATTERN AND ETIOLOGY OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION IN INTENSIVE CARE
UNIT: AN EXPERIENCE AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from
https://www.pjms.com.pk/issues/julsep07/article/article25.html
Http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/a-2017-023.pdf. (2017).
doi:10.18411/a-2017-023
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/73c2/e6aca8cb71bd53c9384abf1f924e459b1f68.pdf

6. References:
FREQUENCY, PATTERN AND ETIOLOGY OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION IN INTENSIVE CARE
UNIT: AN EXPERIENCE AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from
https://www.pjms.com.pk/issues/julsep07/article/article25.html
Http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/a-2017-023.pdf. (2017).
doi:10.18411/a-2017-023
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/73c2/e6aca8cb71bd53c9384abf1f924e459b1f68.pdf