Nervous system, muscles, reflexes, respiratory system are the core parts of human body. Disruption in any of these can cause far reaching consequences for other organs. Vein, arteries and organs in the body interact with each other and perform bodily functions and growth. Human body can response multifarious way in cellular and tissue structure. Eventually, through aging bodily functions started to get weakening and different diseases appear but most of them has cure which are illustrated in this assignment.

1. Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................1
Task: 1........................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Discussion of three anatomical features of the human body. ..............................................2
1.2 The role of Cellular metabolism & growth hormone in ensuring our body to grow ............4
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Explain normal body responds to his everyday physical activities......................................5
2.2 How body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology............5
2.3 Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities .....................................................7
Task: 3......................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Explain how routine measures such as Temperature, Pulse, BP, ECG are recorded and
what are their uses in health and social care? .........................................................................10
3.2 Assess how these (Temp., Pulse, BP, ECG etc.) routine measures provide information
about the body functioning of this person ..............................................................................12
3.3 Examine how such information about the body functioning may inform care planning for
this person.............................................................................................................................12
Task: 4......................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Explain how her age may have affected her body structure and functioning.....................12
4.2 Assess the impacts of the above-mentioned conditions on her body structure and functions.
..............................................................................................................................................13
4.3 Relate the effects of her medical conditions and infections to the routine care given to
Mary .....................................................................................................................................14
Conclusion................................................................................................................................14
References ................................................................................................................................14
Introduction
Nervous system, muscles, reflexes, respiratory system are the core parts of human body.
Disruption in any of these can cause far reaching consequences for other organs. Vein, arteries
and organs in the body interact with each other and perform bodily functions and growth. Human
body can response multifarious way in cellular and tissue structure. Eventually, through aging
bodily functions started to get weakening and different diseases appear but most of them has cure
which are illustrated in this assignment.

2. Task: 1
1.1 Discussion of three anatomical features of the human body.
Nervous System:
The core system of organism which coordinates neurotransmission, process it and transmit info
to different parts of body. Basically, in human body, Nervous system can be divided
fundamentally in two categories, the Central Nervous System(CNS) and The Peripheral Nervous
System(PNS).
CNS fundamentally consists Spinal cord and Brain. Spinal Cord again divided into two basic
functions, Afferent nerve fiber and Efferent Nerve Fiber. Through afferent Nerve Fiber, Spinal
Cord receive sensory info through sensory receptors to Brain. Afterwards Brain processes the
sensory info to relevant knowledge and then through Efferent Nerve Fiber Brain Transmit info
throughout entire body.
PNS basically forms with Somatic and Autonomic Nervous system. Somatic Nervous system
consists of voluntary reflexes, glands and cranial nerves. Autonomic Nervous System consists of
involuntary reflexes, pituitary glands, spinal nerves. PNS relatively more active in child’s
developing stage of growth. PNS deals with motor cells, reflexes, nerve cells and gallbladder.
Figure: Nervous system of Human Body (Source-Anatomy)

3. Digestive System:
The critical system of our body specialized for the task for turning food into nutrient and other
useful elements in our body us called Digestive system. This system fundamentally consists of
Mouth, Throat, Stomach, Colon, Rectum and Anus. These are all play role in energy supply,
growth and functional cell growth and repair.
Figure: Human Digestive System (Source-Pinterest)
Respiratory System:
This core part of organism allows us to breathe. Respiratory system can be disrupted through air
borne diseases. Our Respiratory functions through inhaling Oxygen and exhaling carbon-di-
oxide in the air. So here Oxygen and Carbon-di-oxide are the bioproduct of Respiratory system.
Respiratory System can be classified into two parts, Upper and Lower Respiratory tract. This
system fundamentally consists of Mouth, Throat, Stomach, Colon, Rectum and Anus. These are
all play role in energy supply, growth and functional cell growth and repair. Upper Respiratory
Tract consists nose, mouth and inhaling elements. Lower Respiratory Tract consists trachea,
bronchi, organs of lungs and other exhaling parts.

4. Figure: Respiratory System-inhaling and exhaling (Source-anatomy)
1.2 The role of Cellular metabolism & growth hormone in ensuring our body
to grow
The role of Cellular Metabolism in growth: The fundamental role of Cellular metabolism is to
create necessary chemical reaction in order to continue general functions of human body. Such
biochemical reaction occurs through metabolic pathways where organisms are allowed to grow
and repair themselves to maintain the bodily functions and maintaining the Homeostasis stage of
body. Basically, Cellular Metabolism can be classified into two categories, Anabolism and
Catabolism. Anabolism involves in constructing molecules from acids, enzymes, amino and
helps performing bodily functions. Catabolism is the opposite process of Anabolism where cell
splits into complex molecules to support anabolic consequences in human growth.
The role of growth hormone in growth: Growth Hormone is basically called the responding
Pituitary gland which can grow naturally in our Brain. It helps to process sensory
neurotransmission and process analytical information. It allows muscles to respond to biological
reflexive impulses, grows strong bones and maintains high energy level. So, different people
have different types and level of growth hormone in their body. Eventually, it plays the
fundamental growth part of human body.

5. Figure: Growth rate of different Human body (Source: Skelton.wiki0
Task 2
2.1 Explain normal body responds to his everyday physical activities
When an average old man undertakes 1.30 hours of running, his normal body responds to a series
of integrated functions which are illustrated as following biological activities:
Mechanism of Breathing: After running for so long, organism’s respiratory system becomes
fast which means the respiration rate/second increases. Body needs more fresh oxygen as to
inhaling process responds deep breathing. Working muscles with fast reflexes need more
Oxygen in their blood circulation. This is how running influences in respiration part of body.
Eating: If individual eat lunch or any heavy fiber food before exercise then it’s consider
unhealthy or it may return opposite consequences from exercise. So, before running, fatty, high
fiber foods, spicy ingredients, refined sugars should be avoided.
Excretion: When an individual run for 1.30 hours, his or her Kidneys are diminished due to fast
functional Atomic Nervous System. Our Urinary system (Kidneys and Bladder) started to lose
significant amount of liquid fluid like water, sodium, ADH. (Health.ny.gov, 2016)
2.2 How body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and
physiology
Body’s integrated responses in accordance with cellular and tissue structure and physiology can
be illustrated as following:
Voluntary Muscles: Human body has different types of muscles which perform different types
of motor functions in human body. Human muscles can be classified into three types namely
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac. Skeletal muscles are directly linked with Skeleton and spinal bones
which supply Somatic Nerves under voluntary control of rapid stimuli. These muscles respond

6. quickly and sometimes react faster than brain. So, they are being called the highest Nerve control
from Cerebral Cortex. The weakest muscles are called Smooth muscles of Human body. We can
assume that, she has experienced dramatic trauma incident regarding falling or there are some
Evolutionary factors which refers she is born with the fear of height. Now she can take different
therapies and medication in order to improve her current condition. They are used in involuntary
task controlled by Central Nervous system. Cardiac Muscles are found in heart which
fundamental purpose is to continuous pumping blood from veins.
Figure: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac muscles in Human body (Source: Bond Spine)
Blood: To maintain body’s internal environment to an optimal level(Homeostasis) Blood plays
the most significant role. Blood consists of different Plasma, blood cells (red and white), and
platelets which play a role in supplying oxygen to tissues, reducing unnecessary ingredients,
supplying nutrients, transporting carbon di oxide and maintaining strong immune system in the
body.
Figure: Components of Human Blood
Kidney Function: The core organ of human urinary System which outflow waste from blood
and maintain Homeostasis condition. Sometimes it calls the powerhouse of Human body because
of its multifunctional activities. The basic functions of Kidneys are as following (Health.ny.gov,
2016):

7. Figure: Functions of Kidneys (Source: Self-made)
Muscle Action and Locomotion: Locomotion refers the motor movements of muscles
interactions allow individuals to accumulate food, shelter, escape danger for survival in the
environment. Muscles are type of connective tissues which responds to reflexes command by
Autonomic Nervous System. Rooting, Sucking, Spiking, stepping is some of the motor reflexes
(Health.ny.gov, 2016).
2.3 Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities
The optimal internal environment of body is called Homeostasis. To maintain this optimal
environment bodily organs continuously functions. The ways of coordinating organ responses
can be illustrated as following:
Nervous System: The complex structure of uncounted neurons which performs processing of the
neurosensory info from sensory receptors of Human body. The nervous system is classified into
two categories, Central Nervous system and Peripheral Nervous system.
Central Nervous System: This complex network of human body controls the basic function of
body and mind. Central Nervous System consists of Brain and Spinal Cord. Here Brain can be
defined as the center of processing sensory information, can interpret external environment
according to the situation, can control bodily movements. On the other side, Spinal Cord is the
Communication Bridge between sensory receptors and Brain. Spinal Cord can act faster than
brain when it comes to touch of any danger. Spinal Cord consists of two basic Nerve fibers. The
Afferent Nerve Fibers and Efferent Nerve Fibers. Central Nervous system can’t repair itself after
injury. Because some cells and cords of this complex network are so specialized that they can’t

8. divide and split into new cells and cords. Communication between nervous System occurs
through Synapses and Neurotransmission (Made Man, 2016).
Figure: Central Nervous System (Source: Bond Spine)
Peripheral Nervous system: Peripheral Nervous system consists of Somatic Nervous System
and Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Nervous System brings our internal environment
stable and bring necessary changes in accordance with the situation. ANS acts involuntarily and
controls smooth and Cardiac muscles and regarded reflexes in body. ANS again classified into
two categories Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System (Made Man,
2016).

9. Figure: Autonomic Nervous System in details (Source: Biology pages)
The Endocrine System: The endocrine system refers the collection of glands which erects
hormones to permit muscles to reflex, takes part in reproduction cycle, monitors tissue functions,
supervise moods and swing also. The endocrine system basically consists of following glands:
Figure: Glands in The Endocrine system (Source: self-made)
When hormone level fluctuates in body the Endocrine system disrupts. Stress, diabetes,
depression, anger is some of the consequences of Endocrine disruption.

10. Task: 3
3.1 Explain how routine measures such as Temperature, Pulse, BP, ECG are
recorded and what are their uses in health and social care?
In accordance with the given scenario the ways of recording mentioned states are as following:
Recording Temperatures: Body temperature is measured on five bases namely Orally,
Rectally, Armpit, By ear and by Skin. Normal human body temperatures 97.8 degree to 99.1
degree. Fiver is called when temperature cross 100 degrees. On the other side “Hypothermia”
state is defined when bodily normal temperature downs to 95 degree or less (Made Man, 2016).
Recording Pulse Rate: Pulse rate defines the number of time heart pumps/second to execute
blood circulation and respiratory system. When an average aged individual pump 100
beats/minute its regarded as a normal pulse rate.
Figure: Way of checking Pulse rate
Recording Respiration Rate: Normal respiration rate of an adult individual is 15-17
breathing/minute. But when the person suffers from fever or any high motor movements the
reparation rate increases.
Blood Pressure Rate: For a normal person, ideal BP is below 120/80 which means below 120
and over 80 which can move away the possibilities of stroke or any sort of heart diseases. Higher
BP can be measured when it comes 135/85 beats.

11. Figure: BP of Human body varying stages (Source: BloodpressUK)
Recording Electro-Diagram (ECG): Normal ECG rhythm level of an averaged individual
ranges from 60-100 beats/minute. This is actually 82bpm interval rate (lungs, 2016).
Figure: Normal ECG rate (Source: ecg.utah)
Uses of these in Health and Social care: Hemodynamic monitoring is very important in Human
life. It can tell the critical paths of human body with correct bodily information.

12. 3.2 Assess how these (Temp., Pulse, BP, ECG etc.) routine measures provide
information about the body functioning of this person
Temperature, Pulse, BP and ECG are the Hemodynamic Monitoring of human body. These are
the tools of measuring bodily states from different perspective and angle. Body temperature is
measured on five bases namely Orally, Rectally, Armpit, By ear and by Skin. Normal human
body temperatures 97.8 degree to 99.1 degree. Fiver is called when temperature cross 100
degrees. When an average individual endures such level of beats twice, his or her possibility of
occurring heart attack or Brain stroke rises by seventy percent. For a normal person, ideal BP is
below 120/80 which means below 120 and over 80 which can move away the possibilities of
stroke or any sort of heart diseases. Through Aneroid monitor, Digital monitor and finger-wrist,
we can measure one’s BP. Here females may pump faster than this normal pulse rate. For
children 40 beats/minute is normal pulse rate (lungs, 2016).
3.3 Examine how such information about the body functioning may inform
care planning for this person
From the scenario, we find a physically obese business man who is badly suffering from acute
headache and chest pain. As we don’t have any numerical numbers on this case, we need to
assume the Hemodynamic states, which are as following:
Body Temperature: Psychology says, those who are accustomed to stress and depression, the
Homeostasis level of their body becomes disrupted badly. So the body temperature goes
critically high than normal human’s body temperature.
BP: We know normal blood pressure of an average middle aged person is 120/80 beats/second.
From the scenario, we can see a man who continuously stressed up. So, we can assume that the
regular BP of this person is either critically high or low because of stress. Excess stress can lead
many sort of heart diseases as well as brain stroke. S having such kind of abnormal BP by
remaining in continuous stress wouldn’t do any good to that businessman (Health.ny.gov, 2016).
Respiration Rate: We know normal respiration rate of an average aged person is 15 to 17
respiration per minute. But from the scenario, we can assume that the person’s respiration rate
isn’t normal. It’s probably too high during stress time and too slow during relaxing time.
Task: 4
4.1 Explain how her age may have affected her body structure and
functioning.
Mary’s age may have affected her body structure and functioning particularly on Nervous system
and Respiratory system are illustrated as following:

13. Effect on Nervous system: On central Nervous System, we know, brain functions varying with
age. Through aging Mary tends to learn material trend, verbal abilities and more intellectual
performances which comes from wisdom and experiences. Through aging Mari’s reaction time
in a situation will reduce than past. As because her Spinal Cord started to weakening and this
part of body controls necessary reaction time in accordance with bodily environment. On the
other side, Peripheral Nervous system would show less impulses and voluntary effort. As blood
circulation goes down, Synapse and neurotransmission become higher, lower sensation, less
reflexes can be observed in Mary’s behavior (Health.ny.gov, 2016).
Effect on Respiratory System: Effect of aging in respiratory activities inhaling and exhaling is
similar to the effect of aging in other organs. Inhaling and gas exchange becomes slower,
respiratory reflexes become slower and weaken, Defense mechanism in exhaling system weaken,
and eventually vital capacity of preserving air started to reduce to a minimum level. Sometimes
Pneumococcal infections, Influenza(FLU) etc. airborne disease may happen to the individual
(Health.ny.gov, 2016).
4.2 Assess the impacts of the above-mentioned conditions on her body
structure and functions.
The impact of above mentioned conditions on Mary’s body structure and functions can be
illustrated as following:
Hypertension dangers in Mary’s body: Mary is an aged woman who is suffering from high
blood pressure which on a note a serious case. Hypertension can steadily damage body and can
be the cause of multifarious heart disease like Ischemic, hole in heart and stroke. Hypertension
again can damage bodily arteries and can cause Aneurysm. Eventually cell membrane of inner
body become so elastic that limits blood and oxygen flows over the body. Hypertension does the
most damage to the heart. Mary has a huge probability of suffering from Coronary artery
diseases, enhanced left heart muscles and even Heart failure. From current condition of Mary, we
can assume, blood can’t flow freely through the arteries and veins. Over time Mary will find
strain in her heart and high blood pressure which causes weakening Cardiac muscles. On the
other hand, High blood pressure can cause to brain multifarious deadly diseases like TIA
(Transient Ischemic Attack), Stroke, Dementia, Mild cognitive Impairment. Hypertension can
also damage kidneys and disrupt Urine and reproduction Cycle. So, the risks are so many for
Mary. Eventually she should reduce the facts which causes more High BP in her body.
Diabetes Dangers in Mary’s body: At the age of mid seventy, Mary is suffering from high
blood sugar consistency which is continuously affecting her heart, kidneys, nerves, psychological
condition of body. Such high Diabetes can cause Foot complications, DKA and Ketones,
Nephropathy, Stroke and even Gastroparesis. We know people with high blood sugar have
higher potential of become blind and kidney failure at an early age. Some cases skin
complications are also being observed. So, Mary should be careful in that case of losing or
disrupting other organs through diabetes disease (American Diabetes Association, 2016).

14. 4.3 Relate the effects of her medical conditions and infections to the routine
care given to Mary
From the scenario, apart from Diabetes and High BP, we can see that, Mary don’t tend to leave
her apartment because of her fear of falling from the above. From this we can assume Mary has a
severe Height Phobia(Acrophobia) which continuously making Mary isolated from the society.
Mary is afraid of Vertigo and panic attack which comes from her Acrophobia tendency. We can
assume that, she has experienced dramatic trauma incident regarding falling or there are some
Evolutionary factors which refers she is born with the fear of height. Now she can take different
therapies and medication in order to improve her current condition. Edenization, Exposure
therapy, Cognitive Behavior Therapy(CBT) are some of the ways of dealing with her
Acrophobia. If she doesn’t take her disease seriously then from the scenario she will ended up
being isolated as now forever (American Diabetes Association, 2016).
Conclusion
Eventually we can conclude that eating balanced diet, taking regular physical exercises, aware
about nutrient can keep us from majority diseasing even at high ages. A regular individual should
take medical checkup on Hemodynamic states (BP, ECG, BMI pulse, temperature etc.) of one’s
body.
References