The document discusses the topics of gentrification and urban renewal. It begins with definitions of gentrification and describes the four stages of the gentrification process as outlined by Slater in 2011. These include the initial stage of pioneers renovating properties, the second stage of more newcomers renovating homes, the third stage of increasing investment and rising housing prices, and the fourth stage of many properties being gentrified and an influx of middle-class residents. The document also examines the positive and negative implications of gentrification, providing examples such as cleaner neighborhoods but also increased housing costs resulting in displacement. It concludes by considering potential solutions to gentrification such as liberalizing zoning laws and ensuring community input in the planning process.

1. GENTRIFICATION AND
URBAN RENEWAL.
MS. MGEDEZA

2. MAIN
THEMES:
The definition of gentrification and urban renewal.
Processes of gentrification.
Positive and negative implications of gentrification.
Examples of global and local places that have been gentrified.
Solutions to address gentrification.

3. HISTORY OF GENTRIFICATION
Ruth Glass, a British sociologist, coined the term "gentrification" in
1964 to describe the changes she observed in the social structure
and housing markets in certain areas of inner London. Glass made a
comment; "Many working-class neighborhoods have been gradually
encroached upon by the middle class - upper and lower... Once the
process of 'gentrification' begins in a district, it accelerates until all or
most of the working-class occupants are displaced and the district's
entire social character is altered " (Glass, 1964, p.xvii).

4. • Recent research has argued that gentrification has broadened to
become a new form of neoliberal urban policy. Whereas the original
definition focused on ‘sweat equity' gentrification, with the middle-
class householder rehabilitating their home, more recent
discussions have included off-the-shelf new-build developments,
often beside water or in other prominent locations throughout the
city.

5. EXPLANATION OF GENTRIFICATION
 The academic literature that pursues to clarify
gentrification is centered around three main
different enlightenments.
 Smith (2002) states that gentrification is a capitalist
movement rather than a people movement and the
driving force behind gentrification was the growing
difference between the potential value of inner
urban properties and their underlying land values.

6. URBAN RENEWAL AND URBANIZATION
 The term "urban renewal" refers to the process of
restoring something to its original or good
condition. Urban renewal is the rehabilitation of an
impoverished urban neighborhood through large-
scale renovation or reconstruction of housing and
public works. It entails relocating business areas,
demolishing or renovating buildings, and relocating
people (Cornelius and Osazuwa, n.d).
 Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of
people living in towns and cities (movement of
people from rural to urban areas). This usually
occurs when a country is still developing.

7. THIS MAP DEPICTS CHANGES,
AS WELL AS PREDICTIONS FOR
THE PERCENTAGE OF THE
POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN
AREAS. THE IMAGE ABOVE IS
FROM 1990, AND THE ONE
BELOW IS A PREDICTION FOR
2025. TAKE NOTE OF THE
ADDITIONAL INCREASE IN THE
SPREAD AND INTENSITY OF
URBAN AREAS. FIGURE 1: CHANGES
IN POPULATION (STOCKIGT, 2021)

8. LOCATIONS WHERE GENTRIFICATION OCCURS
 The residents of such urban areas who are most
likely to be displaced by the gentrification process
are those who live in low-cost but architecturally
appealing housing near central business districts.
 They live in housing that has the potential to be
gentrified and are economically and politically
powerless in comparison to the gentrifiers.
 These people live in the area for a variety of
reasons, including low rent, nearby employment
opportunities, or the location's historical or
emotional significance.

9.  Their location may or may not be a choice; however,
their existence there is a result of the inner-city poor's
creation and location.
 The majority of those affected are on the outskirts or
outside of the labor market: the elderly, welfare
mothers, the unemployed, and many working-class
households and underemployed individuals nearing
the poverty line (Beauregard, 1986).

10. 4 STAGES OF
GENTRIFICATION

11. THE INITIAL STAGE (SLATER, 2011).
The first stage consists of a small group
of risk-averse pioneers who purchase
and renovate properties in previously
described urban areas for their own
personal use.
At this stage, very little displacement
occurs because the pioneer gentrifiers
obtain housing that is either vacant or
part of the normal market turnover.
This group of newcomers is primarily
made up of design professionals and
artists with the necessary skills and time
to undertake such renovation projects.

12. SECOND STAGE (SLATER, 2011).
 A similar class of people to the first
stage in and renovate their new homes
in the second stage of the gentrification
process.
 Some quiet and subtle promotional
activities are often initiated at this stage
and are driven by estate agents,
whereas small-scale speculators
frequently renovate a few houses for
resale or rental.
.

13.  The houses purchased at this stage begin to disperse
over a larger area and are frequently vacant, making
them relatively easy to acquire.
 Furthermore, if the neighborhood's name or
boundaries were to change, it would happen at this
stage of the gentrification process.
 This frequently attracts the attention of government
agencies

14. THIRD STAGE (SLATER, 2011).
After the first two stages of gentrification, the media
focuses on the neighborhood, which becomes a
hotspot of interest.
While the pioneers continue to have an impact on
the area, they are frequently joined by developers,
and urban renewal begins.
The physical improvements become more visible at
stage three as a result of the increasing volume of
work undertaken by individual investors and new
developers.
As a result, house prices in the area begin to rise.

15.  As a result, house prices in the area
begin to rise.
 As a result, the displacement process
continues, and it may accelerate if codes
are strictly enforced, or reassessments
are made to reflect the increasing value
of even unimproved dwellings.
 As landlords seek to capitalize on the
area's improved reputation, the better-
maintained properties become part of
the middle-class market, resulting in
further displacement.

16. FINAL STAGE (SLATER, 2011).
Finally, in stage four, a greater number of properties
are gentrified, resulting in a simultaneous influx of
middle-class residents.
These middle-class people are from the business
and managerial middle classes, not the professional
middle class.
To meet the growing demand for housing in the
area, non-residential buildings may be converted
into rental or condominium units, and previously
held for speculation buildings may be placed on the
market.

17. In addition, small and specialized retail, professional
services, and commercial activities begin to emerge.
All of this adds to the ever-increasing house and
rent prices, resulting in more displacement for both
renters and homeowners.
At this stage, additional neighborhoods in the city
are frequently identified in order to meet the
growing demand of the middle class.

18. THIS GRAPH DEPICTS
THE TOP CITIES
EXPERIENCING
GENTRIFICATION, AS
WELL AS THE
PERCENTAGE OF LOW-
INCOME CENSUS
TRACTS IN EACH
METROPOLIS THAT
HAVE EXPERIENCED
GENTRIFICATION.
FIGURE 2: A GRAPH SHOWING TOP 10
CITIES EXPERIENCING
GENTRIFICATION. ADAPTED FROM
(BAUMAN, 2019)

19. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS
OF GENTRIFICATION
FEW EXAMPLES ARE PROVIDED AFTER THIS SLIDE

20. POSITIVE IMPLICATIONS ((ATKINSON AND
BRIDGE, 2005)
You will experience cleaner neighborhoods with
gentrification.
Gentrification creates new activities and growth,
Charleston saw a 77.5% increase from 2000-2015
in their median home value, rising from $152,100
to $270,000 (Gaille, 2019)
Public safety gets better thanks to the
gentrification. process.
It can reduce suburban sprawl within a
community.
It creates new options for food, retail outlets, and
jobs.

21. NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS/ CHALLENGES
(ATKINSON AND BRIDGE, 2005)
Gentrification can sometimes make a
community poorer -
It raises the cost of rent when it happens,
The current median rent in Brooklyn is
over $6000 per month. That is not an
entry-level price that the average
household can afford in the city (Gaille,
2019)
 It causes the rich to get richer, while the
poor may or may not benefit.
 It often causes low-income households
to move to poorer neighborhoods.
Gentrification doesn’t always take the

22. REAL WORLD
CONSEQUENCES OF
GENTRIFICATION (PEOPLE
END UP BEING HOMELESS IN
CALIFORNIA BECAUSE THE
RENT IS INCREASED)
FIGURE 3: PEOPLE IN CALIFORNIA END UP HOMELESS
BECAUSE OF THE RENT INCREASE (LIPMAN, 2019)

23. REAL-WORLD CONSEQUENCES OF
GENTRIFICATION. FIGURE 4: PROTEST DUE TO GENTRIFICATION (POST, 2017)

26. IS GENTRIFICATION
A CLASS WAR?

27. SOLUTIONS TO GENTRIFICATION (HENGELS, 2015)
The first option is to liberalize zoning
across the board. Up-zoning is especially
important in already attractive areas
where long-term inhabitants have
successfully depopulated their
communities over decades.
When property prices increase, property
taxes climb in tandem, causing long-
term, low-income residents to lose their
homes. If cities provide tax refunds or
lower tax rates to neighborhood
inhabitants, this might help to alleviate
gentrification-related flight.

28. New cheap housing units may assist keep the
neighborhood's income diversity, but they may or
may not prevent displacement of existing inhabitants.
To make them more effective as anti-displacement
measures, we'd have to give incoming renters a
neighborhood choice, he says. Current fair housing
laws, on the other hand, frequently prohibit or
severely restrict such preferences.

29.  Before the process progresses too far, ensure
that every stakeholder in the community has a
seat at the table. This entails including
community people in the planning process from
the beginning and ensuring that developers
follow community goals and interests.
 According to Smith (2014) Jennifer Rodriguez,
executive director of Philadelphia's Mayor's
Office for Immigrant and Multicultural Affairs,
stated that this will necessitate knowing how
information moves across neighborhoods and
how residents express their concerns.

30. Figure 7: How gentrification really changed Atlanta
(Beschizza, 2015)

31. When considering gentrification, we must
accept a plain fact: ”rich people don’t just
vaporize by prohibiting the creation of
housing for them”

32. CONCLUSION
We often look at the gentrification process as a way for communities with
low-income levels to begin receiving additional wealth. This process works
in reverse with great severity at times. Income levels go down dramatically
when businesses leave a community. Families decide to leave after spending
multiple generations in the same home because there are no more
opportunities. When neighborhoods begin to experience high levels of
brokenness, they start to fade from memory. That can rob it of its soul just
as a higher turnover of households does. But if it is done following the
appropriate policy tools and taking the input of community members it can
be a good benefit for the state and the society.

33. Illumination Against Gentrification signs outside a
bodega, (Voon, 2015)

35. Biography.
I am a young pre-service innovative teacher who is majoring in
geography and physical education, who is from Soweto,
Dobsonville which is a diverse township. I I am currently an
undergraduate at the university of Johannesburg. I aim to be an
agent of social change in the children’s lives. My main objective
is to produce future leaders of tomorrow and make learners see
that anything is possible as long as you put your mind to it, and
education can be productive and worthwhile. I also aim to make
the best of every lesson I teach by relating the content to their
experience, because I know how it feels like being taught about
things you have never seen or had any form of contact with. I
promote pro-active learning and provide a caring safe
environment for learners because some of the learners only get
that experience at school, where everyone is entitled to their
opinion without being discriminated against. (Geography teacher
education)
Email address: sophienontando@gmail.com