This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in building and civil engineering projects. It begins by classifying equipment into categories such as earthmoving, construction vehicles, and material handling. Under earthmoving equipment, it describes common machines like excavators, loaders, backhoes, bulldozers, and trenchers that are used to dig foundations and shift earth. It also discusses construction vehicles like dumpers, tippers and trailers used to transport materials. Finally, it covers material handling equipment including cranes, conveyors, forklifts and hoists that are used to lift and move heavy loads.
2. INTRODUCTION
It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of
construction machines on every construction sites,
which make the construction jobs easy, safe and
quicker
Depending on the application, construction machines
are classified into various categories which we are
discussed further
5. Construction equipment
Heavy duty pumps
Slurry seal machines
Stone crushers
Hot mix plants
Road rollers
Spraying &
plastering
machines
Pavers
Road making
machines
Concrete mixers
Tunneling & handling
equipment
6. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction
industry to :
- shift large amounts of earth
- dig foundations and landscape areas
7. EXCAVATORS
Excavators are heavy
construction equipment
consisting of a boom, stick,
bucket and cab on a rotating
platform (known as the
"house")
The house sits atop an
undercarriage with tracks or
wheels
Excavators are also called
diggers
8. LOADERS
A loader is a heavy
equipment machine often
used in construction,
primarily used to Load
material (such as asphalt,
demolition debris, dirt,
snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw
minerals, recycled material,
rock, sand, and woodchips)
into or onto another type of
machinery (such as a dump
truck, conveyor belt,
feedhopper or railcar)
9. SKID STEER
LOADERS
A skid loader or skid-steer
loader is a small rigid frame,
engine-powered machine with
lift arms used to attach a wide
variety of labor-saving tools
or attachments
Though sometimes they are
equipped with tracks, skidsteer
loaders are typically four-
wheel vehicles with the wheels
mechanically locked in
synchronization on each side,
and the left-side drive wheels
can be driven independently of
the rightside drive wheels
10. GRADERS A grader, also commonly
referred to as a road grader, a
blade, a maintainer, or a
motor grader, is a
construction machine with a
long blade used to create a
flat surface
Typical models have three
axles, with the engine and
cab situated above the rear
axles at one end of the vehicle
and a third axle at the front
end of the vehicle, with the
blade in between.
11. CRAWLER
LOADERS The crawler loader
combines the stability of the
crawler tractor with the
abilities of a wheel loader
However, to construct a
reliable crawler loader it
requires more than simply
attaching a loader bucket
onto a crawler tractor. It
must be designed with its
specific purpose in mind to
ensure it has the strength to
withstand heavy excavating
12. CRAWLER LOADERS
The introduction of hydraulic excavators
diminished the market for the crawler loader
because it was unable to match the excavator's
lifting power and flexibility
However, crawler loaders are capable of
maneuvering across the entire construction site
under its own power, whereas most hydraulic
excavators require towing or transport. While
crawler tractors are still being manufactured today
for niche markets, they reached their peak of
popularity in the 1960s
13. BACKHOE
A backhoe, also called a rear
actor or back actor, is a
piece of excavating
equipment or digger
consisting of a digging
bucket on the end of a two
part articulated arm. They
are typically mounted on the
back of a tractor or front
loader
14. BACKHOE The section of the arm closest to
the vehicle is known as the
boom, and the section which
carries the bucket is known as
the dipper or dipper stick. The
boom is attached to the vehicle
through a pivot known as the
kingpost, which allows the arm
to slew left and right, usually
through a total of around 200
degrees. Modern backhoes are
powered by hydraulics
15. BULLDOZERS
A bulldozer is a crawler
(continuous tracked tractor)
equipped with a substantial
metal plate (known as a
blade) used to push large
quantities of soil, sand,
rubble, or other such
material during construction
or conversion work and
typically equipped at the rear
with a claw-like device
(known as a ripper) to
loosen densely-compacted
materials
16. TRENCHERS
Trenchers, or ditchers as
they are sometimes called,
are similar to excavators in
the sense that they penetrate
the earth, breaking soil and
rock, and remove it from the
ground. They differ from
excavators in that the soil is
removed in one continuous
movement. Trenchers are
specifically used for digging
trenches for pipes, but other
machines have been
improvised in the past
17. TRENCHERS
Trenchers can come in two
types
ladder trenchers and
wheel trenchers, and
can dig trenches at speeds
that other machines cannot
compare to
18. SCRAPERS
In civil engineering, a wheel
tractor-scraper is a piece of
heavy equipment used for
earthmoving
The rear part has a vertically
moveable hopper (also
known as the bowl) with a
sharp horizontal front edge.
The hopper can be
hydraulically lowered and
raised. When the hopper is
lowered, the front edge cuts
into the soil or clay like a
plane and fills the hopper
19. SCRAPERS
When the hopper is full it is
raised, and closed with a
vertical blade (known as the
apron). The scraper can
transport its load to the fill
area where the blade is
raised, the back panel of the
hopper, or the ejector, is
hydraulically pushed forward
and the load tumbles out.
Then the empty scraper
returns to the cut site and
repeats the cycle
20. WHEELED
LOADING
SHOVELS
A power shovel (also
stripping shovel or front
shovel or electric mining
shovel) is a bucket-
equipped machine, usually
electrically powered, used
for digging and loading
earth or fragmented rock
and for mineral extraction
A shovel's work cycle, or
digging cycle, consists of
four phases
digging swinging
dumping returning
21. CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-
duty vehicles, specially designed for executing
construction (Civil engineering) tasks, most
frequently, ones involving earth moving
22. DUMPERS
A dumper is a vehicle
designed for carrying bulk
material, often on building
sites. Dumpers are
distinguished from dump
trucks by configuration: a
dumper is usually an open 4-
wheeled vehicle with the
load skip in front of the
driver, while a dump truck
has its cab in front of the
load
23. DUMPERS
The skip can tip to dump the
load; this is where the name
"dumper" comes from. They
are normally diesel powered.
A towing eye is fitted for
secondary use as a site
tractor. Modern dumpers
have payloads of up to 10
tones and usually steer by
articulating at the middle of
the chassis
24. TIPPERS
A truck or lorry the rear
platform of which can be
raised at the front end to
enable the load to be
discharged by gravity also
called tip truck
25. TIPPERS
Tippers are suited for the
rough and tumble of mining
& quarrying operations, as
well as for carrying bulk
loads in construction and
infrastructure industries.
Complete maneuverability,
high performance and long-
term endurance are common
to all trucks, resulting in
lower operating costs
26. TRAILERS
A trailer is generally an
unpowered vehicle pulled
by a powered vehicle
Commonly, the term trailer
refers to such vehicles used
for transport of goods and
materials
28. CRANES
A crane is a type of machine,
generally equipped with a
hoist, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used
both to lift and lower
materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used
for lifting heavy things and
transporting them to other
places.
29. CRANES It uses one or more simple
machines to create
mechanical advantage and
thus move loads beyond the
normal capability of a man.
Cranes are commonly
employed in the transport
industry for the loading and
unloading of freight, in the
construction industry for the
movement of materials and
in the manufacturing industry
for the assembling of heavy
equipment.
30. CONVEYORS
A conveyor system is a
common piece of mechanical
handling equipment that moves
materials from one location to
another. Conveyors are
especially useful in applications
involving the transportation of
heavy or bulky materials.
Conveyor systems allow quick
and efficient transportation for
a wide variety of materials,
which make them very popular
in the material handling and
packaging industries
31. FORKLIFTS
A forklift truck (also called a
lift truck, a fork truck, a
forklift, or a tow-motor) is a
powered industrial truck used
to lift and transport materials.
Forklift trucks are available
in many variations and load
capacities. In a typical
warehouse setting most
forklifts used have load
capacities between one to five
tons. Larger machines, up to
50 tons lift capacity are used
for lifting heavier loads.
32. HOISTS
A hoist is a device used for
lifting or lowering a load by
means of a drum or liftwheel
around which rope or chain
wraps. It may be manually
operated, electrically or
pneumatically driven and may
use chain, fiber or wire rope
as its lifting medium. The load
is attached to the hoist by
means of a lifting hook
33. HOISTS
Also known as a Man-Lift, Buckhoist, temporary
elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or
construction elevator, this type of hoist is
commonly used on large scale construction
projects, such as high-rise buildings or major
hospitals. There are many other uses for the
construction elevator.
Many other industries use the buckhoist for full
time operations. The purpose is being to carry
personnel, materials, and equipment quickly
between the ground and higher floors, or between
floors in the middle of a structure
35. TUNNELING &
HANDLING
EQUIPMENTS
A tunnel boring machine
(TBM) also known as a "mole",
is a machine used to excavate
tunnels with a circular cross
section through a variety of soil
and rock strata. They can bore
through anything from hard rock
to sand. Tunnel diameters can
range from a meter (done with
micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to
date. Tunnels of less than a
meter or so in diameter are
typically done using trenchless
construction methods or
horizontal directional drilling
rather than TBMs.
36. CONCRETE
MIXERS
A concrete mixer (also
commonly called a cement
mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines
cement, aggregate such as sand
or gravel, and water to form
concrete. A typical concrete
mixer uses a revolving drum to
mix the components. For
smaller volume works portable
concrete mixers are often used
so that the concrete can be
made at the construction site,
giving the workers ample time
to use the concrete before it
hardens.
37. CONCRETE
MIXERS
Special concrete transport
trucks (in–transit mixers) are
made to transport and mix
concrete up to the construction
site. They can be charged with
dry materials and water, with
the mixing occurring during
transport. With this process,
the material has already been
mixing. The concrete mixing
transport truck maintains the
material's liquid state through
agitation, or turning of the
drum, until delivery.
38. COMPACTORS
A compactor is a machine or
mechanism used to reduce the
size of waste material or soil
through compaction.
In construction, there are three
main types of compactor: the
plate compactor, the "Jumping
Jack" and the road roller. The
roller type compactors are
used for compacting crushed
rock as the base layer
underneath concrete or stone
foundations or slabs.
39. COMPACTORS
The plate compactor has a
large vibrating base plate and
is suited for creating a level
grade, while the jumping
jack compactor has a smaller
foot. The jumping jack type
is mainly used to compact
the backfill in narrow
trenches for water or gas
supply pipes etc. Road rollers
may also have vibrating
rollers.
40. PAVERS
A paver (paver finisher,
asphalt finisher, paving
machine) is an engineering
vehicle used to lay asphalt on
roadways. It is normally fed
by a dump truck. A separate
machine, a roller, is then used
to press the hot asphalt mix,
resulting a smooth, even
surface. The sub-base being
prepared by use of a grader to
trim crushed sto
41. SPRAYING &
PLASTERING
MACHINES
Plaster spraying allows a
plasterer to skim a drywall
more than five times faster
than using a hand float to
apply it. Although classic
gypsum-based plaster can be
sprayed if it is "spray grade,"
most plaster sprayers prefer the
organic-based premixed plaster
packaged in a plastic bag
because the plaster spraying
machine does not need to be
cleaned out after the job is
finished, providing that plaster
is kept moist.
42. Worm-drive pump
Most commonly, sprayers
have a worm-drive pump that
pumps the plaster up to a
spray gun that has a large
nozzle, usually 4 to 8 mm, that
extrudes the plaster into a
chamber on the end of the
gun.
Piston pump
Newer types of plaster sprayer
have a piston pump, which has
sufficient pressure to spray
smooth (untextured) plaster
without compressed air.
SPRAYING &
PLASTERING
MACHINES
43. ROAD ROLLER
A road roller (sometimes
called a roller-compactor, or
just roller) is a compactor
type engineering vehicle
used to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and
foundations, similar rollers
are used also at landfills or in
agriculture.
44. STONE CRUSHERS
A crusher is a machine
designed to reduce large rocks
into smaller rocks, gravel, or
rock dust. Crushers may be
used to reduce the size, or
change the form, of waste
materials so they can be more
easily disposed of or recycled,
or to reduce the size of a solid
mix of raw materials (as in
rock ore), so that pieces of
different composition can be
differentiated.
45. SLURRY&
HEAVY
DUTY PUMPS
A Slurry pump is a type of
centrifugal pump in physics
principle that increases the
pressure of liquid and solid
particle mixture (aka slurry),
through centrifugal force (a
rotating impeller) and converts
electrical energy into slurry
potential and kinetic energy.
A pump is a device used to
move fluids, such as liquids,
gases or slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by physical
or mechanical action.