What do we think? What do we feel? How do we react to a particular situation? How do we define it? How To Examine Whether Someone Is A Patient Of Mental Illness Or Not? How To Do A Patient’s History Examined Systematically? The main classes of mental illness : Cause and Treatment of psychological disorder: Detailed Information: https://bit.ly/2VGGP1Q Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/physician-writing-services/ Why pubrica? When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts. Contact us : Web: https://pubrica.com/ Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/ Email: sales@pubrica.com WhatsApp : +91 9884350006 United Kingdom: +44-74248 10299 Related Topics: Literature gap and future research Meta-Analysis in evidence-based research Biostatistics in clinical research Scientific Communication in healthcare

1. Copyright © 2020 pubrica. All rights reserved 1
Clinical Psychology: Psychopathology by Systematically Examining the
History, Classification, Causes and Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Dr. Nancy Agens, Head,
Technical Operations, Pubrica
sales@pubrica.com
I. WHAT DO WE THINK? WHAT DO WE
FEEL? HOW DO WE REACT TO A
PARTICULAR SITUATION?
All these are related to our mind. Yes,
our emotions, manifestation of behavior,
emotions, and feelings are related to our
mind and the scientific study of our mind is
called Psychology.
This scientific study has several
branches of which clinical psychology is
very important. This is the broad branch of
psychology that focuses on the diagnosis
and treatment of mental, emotional, and
behavioral disorders.This is also knownas
experimental or behavioral science.
Psychopathology is a common term
in the study of clinical psychology.
II. HOW DO WE DEFINE IT?
This is the in-depth Study of Mental
health.orbehavioral disorder which causes
distress in several domains of life. This
study includes symptoms, behaviors, causes,
development, treatment, etc.
III. HOW TO EXAMINE WHETHER
SOMEONE IS A PATIENT OF MENTAL
ILLNESS OR NOT?
For this, a comprehensive assessment
or systematic examination of History is
required.
This assessment consists of two
sections of which the first one is a section of
History that includes how the present
symptoms have evolved, review of past
treatments, past and present medical
conditions, family history of psychiatric
problems and treatment, personal history of
the patient.
IV. LET’S HAVE A LOOK AT HOW TO
DO A PATIENT’S HISTORY EXAMINED
SYSTEMATICALLY
Identification: Information about
patient’s age and sex, mainly racial or ethnic
information, and sometimes includes
religious affiliation.
Chief Complaint: a voice recording
of the patient that describes why he or she
seeks treatment.
History of the Present Illness: a
chronological description from when and
how the symptoms have progressed. The
character of the symptoms must be
described in detail.
Past Psychiatric History: includes
previous incidents and symptoms, treatment,
etc.
Medical history: Medical history is
also important because sometimes a person's
illness or major surgery may cause mental
disturbances.
Family history: mental disorders can
be genetic so family history may help to
diagnose and proper treatment.
Personal History: it has a very
significant role as it describes events
throughout a person’s life.

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V. CLASSIFICATION
In ancient ages, it was believed that
unusual and strange behaviour was due to
the possession of evil spirits. During the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,
physicians began to identify symptoms and
classified them as a disease.
In the twentieth century, two new
approaches were contributed by German
physician Emil Kraepelin and Sigmund
Freud which have major influences in the
understanding and classification of
psychopathology(Eldar, GOmez, &
Hofmann, 2017).
VI. THE MAIN CLASSES OF MENTAL
ILLNESS ARE
Mood Disorders:Includes
disturbance of mood, this is divided into
depressive and bipolar disorder.A new
diagnosis of mood disorder has been
reported among children and adolescents.
These patients are having severe non
episodic irritability with bipolar disorder.
This type of disorder is called Disruptive
mood dysregulation disorder
(DMDD)(Tourian et al., 2015).
Anxiety Disorders:These are characterized
by excessive worry about some imaginary
outcome,these may be general,social anxiety
or panic disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum
Disorders: These include trichotillomania
(hair-pulling disorder),body dysmorphic
disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, and
excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
Trauma and Stressor Disorders
(Including Dissociative Disorder): These
occur due to guilt, rage, and shame, stressful
events, etc.
Somatic Disorders:Acute pain that
does not have any anatomical or
neurophysiological origin is labeled as
psychopathological(Katz, Rosenbloom, &
Fashler, 2015).The characteristics of this
disorder are anxiety or distress and
symptoms are pain or fatigue.
Feeding and Eating Disorders: These
disorders affect the normal food habits that
impair physical health and also psychosocial
functions.
Sexual disorder: This is distorted
sexual behavior which is very difficult to
differentiate from normal sexual behavior.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and
Other Psychotic Disorders:This is a very
complicated syndrome affecting 1% of the
population.
Personality Disorders:These orders
are related to a persistent pattern of behavior,
emotions, etc and these affect social
relationships.
Sleep-Wake Disorders:This has
been reported that up to 60% of adults are
suffering from sleep problems due to
different stress, lifestyle, physiological
conditions etc. Most of them remain
undiagnosed and untreated(Demir et al.,
2015).
Neurodevelopment disorders:
Usually begin in infancy or childhood.
Examples are attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) , autism spectrum disorder,
and learning disorders.
Neurocognitive/Organic
Disorders:The two main categories of these
disorders are Delirium and Dementia that
occurs due to brain injury. Impaired
consciousness and cognition are the main
characteristics of Delinium. Symptoms of
Dementia is a continuous deterioration of
brain function.
VII. CAUSE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDER
It is very difficult to detect the exact
cause of psychological disorders, but several
factors influence their development. The
main factors are

3. Copyright © 2020 pubrica. All rights reserved 2
 Inherited traits: psychological disorder is
common in people who have relatives
having the same problem. It can be
inherited from relatives.
 Environmental exposures before birth:
Exposure to some factors like
environmental stress, toxins, alcohol,
drugs can cause mental illness.
 Brain chemistry: Neurotransmitter is a
chemical that transmits signals from one
part to another part of the brain.
Impairment of this network system
changes the function of the nerve system
and causes mental depression and mental
disorder.
Analyzed Data has been suggested at
the highest rate of premature death due to
both natural and unnatural causes. The death
rate from unnatural causes is significantly
high in the case of schizophrenia and major
depression. This rate has been increased for
mental retardation and epilepsy. It is
estimated that 14.3% of deaths all over the
world i.e. approximately 8 million deaths
per year happen due to mental
illness(Walker, McGee, & Druss, 2015).
VIII. TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the type of
psychological disorder. Treatment from a
primary care provider may be sufficient for a
patient of mild mental illness. But in severe
mental illness like schizophrenia team
approach is very much important to meet
psychiatric, medical and social needs.
IX. THE CATEGORIES OF TREATMENT
ARE AS FOLLOWS
 Medications: psychiatric medication
never cures mental illness but improves
symptoms. The medications are
Antidepressants, Anti-anxiety
medications, Mood-stabilizing
medications., Antipsychotic medications.
 Psychotherapy: this is the talking therapy
through which one can learn his or her
moods, thoughts, feelings, behavior, etc.
It is effective to gain knowledge about
stress management skills.
 Brain-stimulation treatments: These
include deep brain stimulation and vagus
nerve stimulation. repetitive transcranial,
electroconvulsive therapy, magnetic
stimulation. These may be effective in
some severe cases.
 Hospital and residential treatment
programs: in case of severe condition
patients have to be admitted to hospital
or kept under residential care.
REFERENCE
[1] Demir, A. U., Ardic, S., Firat, H., Karadeniz, D., Aksu,
M., Ucar, Z. Z., … Itil, O. (2015). Prevalence of
sleep disorders in the Turkish adult population
epidemiology of sleep study. Sleep and Biological
Rhythms, 13(4), 298–308. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1111/sbr.12118
[2] Eldar, S., GOmez, A. F., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017).
Psychopathology and classification. In International
perspectives on psychotherapy (pp. 1–33). Retrieved
from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-
3-319-56194-3_1
[3] Katz, J., Rosenbloom, B. N., & Fashler, S. (2015).
Chronic pain, psychopathology, and DSM-5 somatic
symptom disorder. The Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry, 60(4), 160–167. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/07067
4371506000402
[4] Tourian, L., LeBoeuf, A., Breton, J.-J., Cohen, D.,
Gignac, M., Labelle, R., … Renaud, J. (2015).
Treatment options for the cardinal symptoms of
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Journal of
the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 24(1), 41. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC435
7333/
[5] Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015).
Mortality in mental disorders and global disease
burden implications: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(4), 334–341.
Retrieved from
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/art
icle-abstract/2110027