Conditioned and Unconditioned Reflexes of Newborns Source: Mazurin, Vorontsov " Propaedeutic of Child Diseases" Unfortunately gifs don't open

1. Azerbaijan Medical University
Yuzbasheva Nihal

2. The child is born with a number of
unconditioned reflexes, which can be divided
into 3 categories:
• persistent lifelong automatisms
• transient rudimentary reflexes reflecting
specific conditions of the developmental level
of the motor analyzer and subsequently
disappearing
• reflexes, or automatisms, only appearing and
therefore not always detectable immediately
after birth

3. The first group of reflexes are such as:
• corneal
• conjunctival
• pharyngeal
• swallowing
• tendon reflexes of the extremities
• Biculopalpelal
• superciliary

4. The second group of reflexes includes:
• oral segmental automatisms (spasmodic,
search, proboscis and palm-oral)
• spinal segmental automatisms (grasping
reflex, Moro reflexes, supports, automatic
gait, crawling, Talent, Perez)
• myeloencephalic zeotonic reflexes
(labyrinthine , asymmetric and symmetrical
cervical tonic reflexes).

5. The third group includes mezencephalic
adjusting automatisms:
• labyrinth reflexes
• simple and chain cervical and trunk reflexes.

6. • Evaluation of unconditioned reflex activity should be carried
out in a warm, well-lit room on a flat semi-rigid surface.
• The child should be in a wakeful state, well fed and dry. The
applied irritations (except for special types of research) should
not cause pain.
• If these conditions are not observed, the reflexes can be
suppressed by reactions to discomfort.
• Unconditioned reflexes are evaluated in the position on the
back, on the abdomen and in a state of vertical suspension.

7. • Proboscide reflex: When you hit your child's lips
with a finger, the circular muscles of the mouth
contract, causing the lips to stretch out with the
proboscis.
• Search reflex: When stroking the skin in the
corner of the mouth (while not touching the lips),
the lips are lowered, the tongue is deflected, and
the head rotates toward the stimulus. The reflex
is especially well expressed before feeding.
Disappears by the end of the first year.
• Suckling reflex If you put a pacifier in the child's
mouth, then he begins to make active sucking
movements Disappear by the end of the first
year.

8. • Orbiculopalapebral reflex: When the finger is
flicked over the upper arc of the orbit, the
eyelid of the corresponding side is closed.
Disappears to 6 months.
• The palm-and-mouth reflex of Babkin is
caused by pressing the thumbs on the child's
palm near the tenors. The response is
manifested by opening the mouth and flexing
the head. Disappears to 3 months.

9. • Grasping reflex: This reflex is coexistent in grasping
and firmly holding the fingers embedded in the palm
of the child. Sometimes it is possible to lift the child
above the support (Robinson's reflex). The same
reflex can be caused from the lower extremities if
you press on the sole at the base of the II-III fingers,
which will cause the plantar flexion of the fingers
Disappears on the 2nd -4th month

10. • Moro Reflex. This reflex is caused by various
methods: the child who is in the hands of the
doctor, sharply lowered by 20 cm, and then
raised to the original level, you can quickly
unbend the lower limbs or hit the surface on
which the child lies, at a distance of 15 - 20 cm
two sides from the head. In response to these
actions, the child first withdraws his hands to the
sides and extends his fingers, and then restores
his hands to the starting position. The movement
of the hand is a character of covering. This reflex
persists up to 4 months.

11. • Babinski's reflex. Stroke irritation of the sole along the
outer edge of the foot in the direction from the heel to
the fingers causes the rear extension of the thumb and
the plantar flexion of the remaining fingers, which
sometimes fan out in a different manner. The reflex
remains physiological up to 2 years
• The Kernig Reflex. A child lying on his back bends one
leg in the hip and knee joints, and then tries to
straighten the leg in the knee joint. With a positive
reflex, this can not be done. This reflex disappears after
4 months.

12. • Positive Support Reflex: The doctor takes the child's
armpits from the back, supporting the index fingers with
his head. The child raised in this position shines the legs
in the hip and knee joints. Dropped on the support, it
rests on it full foot, "stands" on the half-bent legs,
straightening the trunk The reflex disappears by 2
months.
• Reflex of the automatic gait: In the reflex position, the
child's support is slightly inclined forward, while he
makes step-by-step movements on the surface without
accompanying them with the movements of his hands.
Sometimes the legs cross at the level of the lower third of
the shins. The reflex disappears by 2 months

13. • Reflex crawling Bauer. The child is spread on the
stomach so that the head and trunk are located
along the middle line. In this position, the child
raises his head for a few moments and performs
creeping movements (spontaneous crawling). If
the palm is placed under the soles of the child,
then these movements will come alive, the hands
will "crawl in" and he starts actively pushing his
feet away from the obstacle, the reflex disappears
by 4 months

14. • Reflex Talant. At the child lying on his side, the doctor
spends his thumb and index finger along the paravertebral
lines in the direction from the neck to the buttocks. Skin
irritation causes arching of the trunk with an arch open
posteriorly. Sometimes the leg is straightened and
withdrawn. The reflex disappears by 4 months
• Reflex Peresa. In the position of the child on the abdomen,
follow the finger along the spinous processes of the spine
in the direction from the coccyx to the neck, which causes
bending of the trunk, flexion of the upper and lower
extremities, lifting of the head, pelvis, sometimes urination,
defecation and screaming. This reflex causes pain, so you
need to investigate it last. Disappears to 4 months.

15. The muscle tone of the newborn is affected by
the position of the body and head. This influence
is mediated through tonic cervical and labyrinth
reflexes:
• Labyrinth righting reflex. It is caused by a change
in the head in space. The child lying on his back,
increased the tone of the extensors of the neck,
back, legs. If it is turned over to the abdomen, the
tone of the flexors of the neck, back, limbs
increases.

16. • Symmetrical cervical tonic reflex. With the passive bending
of the head of the newborn lying on the back, the tone of
the flexors of the arms and extensors of the legs increases.
When the head is unbent, reverse relationships are
observed. The change in tone can be judged by the
increase or decrease in resistance with passive extension of
the limbs.
• Asymmetric cervical tonic reflex. To test this reflex, the
head of the child lying on the back is turned to the side so
that the chin touches the shoulder. This reduces the tone of
the extremities to which the face is drawn (sometimes their
short-term extension), and the tone of the opposite limbs
increases. The reflex disappears by the end of the first year.

17. • Upper Landau reflex. The child in the position
on the abdomen raises his head, the upper
part of the trunk and hands, resting on the
plane with his hands, is held in this position.
This reflex is formed by 4 months.
• Lower Landau reflex. In the position on the
abdomen, the child unbends and raises her
legs. This reflex is formed by 5-6 months

18. • Simple cervical and trunk setting reflexes. Turning the
head to the side causes the torso to turn in the same
direction, but not simultaneously, but separately the
thoracic area first turns, and then the pelvic region
turns. These reflexes appear from birth and mutate to
5-6 months.
• Chain adjusting reflex from the trunk on the trunk The
turning of the shoulders of the child to the side leads
to the rotation of the trunk and lower limbs in the
same direction, but not simultaneously, but separately.
Turning the pelvic region also causes a torso turn. This
reflex is formed by 6-7 months.

19. • It was possible to establish that even in the newborn cortex the
brain is capable of forming conditioned reflexes.
• However, during the first 2 - 3 weeks of life, the child has a very
limited number of conditioned reflexes.
• The main in the formation of the reflex at first is the food dominant.
If a crying baby is picked up and pressed into the chest (position
while breastfeeding), then it calms down. Then there is a certain
rhythm of activity at the time of feeding.
• At first, conditioned reflexes are formed with difficulty. There is a
small force and mobility of the processes of excitation and
inhibition, and they are not sufficiently balanced and often widely
irradiated; With age, the possibility of concentration is created.
• The differentiation of conditioned reflexes usually begins at the
end of the 2nd - the beginning of the 3rd month of life. In process
of growth and development, many conditioned reflexes appear.
• By 6 months, the formation of conditioned reflexes from all sensory
organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin) is already possible.
• During the second year, the mechanism of formation of
conditioned reflexes already reaches full development and
functional perfection.