2. 1896
First demonstration
of a complex
biochemical process
outside of a cell.
1953
Discovery of double
helical structure of
DNA & discovery of
the biochemical
steps of kreb cycle.
1828
First organic
compound
synthesized
artificially
1883
Discovery of first
enzyme
1957
Nobel prize for
discovery of DNA
& RNA
1959
Nobel prize for
the
development of
antihistamines.
Outline:
3. 1975
Development of the
technique for making
monoclonal
antibodies
1970
Discovery of first
restriction enzyme
1971
Demonstration of
fundamental
differences between
viroids and viruses
1997
The complete
nucleotide
sequence of all of
the chromosomes
of a eukaryote is
reported (yeast)
Nobel Prize for
developing the
radioimmunoassay
(RIA) techniques
1977
4. First organic compound synthesised
artificially (1828)
● Was found out by Friedrich Wöhler in attempt of
synthesizing ‘ammonium cyanate’
● Starting point of organic biochemistry
● First time organic compound was synthesised from
inorganic precursors
● Originally derived from biological sources
● Disproved vitalism-the hypothesis that living things
are alive because of some special "vital force".
5. Discovery of first enzyme (1883)
● Anselme Payen
● Diastase from extract of malt later became
amylase.
● Converts starch into glucose.
● Promoted discovery of other enzymes.
● Booming of textile, food and paper industries
● Medical sciences, therapeutic science and
diagnostics.
6. First demonstration of a complex
biochemical process outside of a cell
(1896)
● Eduard Buchner
● “Cell free fermentation”
● Alcoholic fermentation could take place
with the help of yeast cell extract
● Enzyme activity is not dependent upon
complex cell architecture.
7. Discovery of the Double Helical Structure
of DNA(1953)
● The Double Helix structure of DNA was discovered by James
Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, which was marked a major
milestone in the history of science.
● Francis Crick and James Watson with Maurice Wilkins
received the 1962 Nobel Prize for discovering the molecular
structure of DNA.
● Soon after the WWII, the race of to discover the “Secret of
Life” was started, scientists knew that this would discovery of
century and guarantee the Nobel prize.
8. 1) Disease diagnosis and treatment: Genetic susceptibility to Specific diseases.
2)Paternity and legal impact:Through the assessment of DNA, the paternity of a child
can be identified, which has a significant effect on the child's upbringing and his or her
life
3) Forensics and DNA:The discovery of DNA has meant that the guilt or innocence of
a person who is investigated for a crime can be determined. It also means that scarce
evidence can still yield vital clues regarding the perpetrator of a crime.
4)Agriculture and DNA:The impact of DNA on agriculture has been a very important
one because it has allowed breeders to facilitate the breeding of animals that have a
better resistance to diseases.
Importance of Discovery of DNA:
9. Discovery of the biochemical steps of
the Krebs cycle(1953)
● The Krebs cycle is the second of three stages of cellular
respiration, in which glucose, fatty acids and certain amino
acids, the so-called fuel molecules, are oxidized.
● The oxidation of these molecules is primarily used to
transform the energy contained in these molecules into ATP.
● ATP provides for example energy for muscle contractions and
can therefore be referred to as "energy currency" of the cells.
10. Nobel Prize for the Development of
Antihistamines (1957)
What is Antihistamine?
● Histamine-1 (H1) antihistamines are the first-line drug for the
treatment of urticaria.
● They all competitively inhibit the binding of released histamine on
H1 receptors and thus decrease the incidence of wheals and the
intensity of itching.
● An antihistamine is a drug used to counteract the effects of
histamine, the chemical released by certain cells in the body
during an allergic reaction.
11. ● The groundwork for the development of antihistamines was made
in the first half of the twentieth century by Swiss-Italian
pharmacologist Daniel Bovet (1907-1992).
● Sir henry Dale, who found that histamine alone can induce the
triple response the erythema , wheals and Iching and Bovet's
work led to the discovery and production of antihistamines for
allergy relief and earned him the Nobel Prize for physiology or
medicine in 1957.
12. Noble Price for the Discovery of
Replication Of RNA(1959)
● RNA found Distinctly from the DNA. This was noted towards its
sensitivity towards alkaline caused by an additional -OH on the
ribose
● ATP and GTP were proposed to be the cell’s general energy
source and building blocks for RNA
● Chemical analysis revealed that RNA shares three bases with
DNA: adenine, cytosine and guanine. Uracil as a base unique to
RNA was discovered in place of thymine in DNA.
13. ● Between 1951 and 1965 the RNA types that are useful in
protein synthesis where identified.
● Messenger RNA (mRNA) as the carrier of genetic information,
transfer RNA (tRNA) acting as the physical link between mRNA
and protein, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) present in ribosomes
for protein synthesis were identified.
● RNA polymerase was identified and purified.
● Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine after he
discovered how RNA is synthesized.
14. Imortance of RNA
● Although RNA does not serve as the hereditary information in most cells,
RNA does hold this function for many viruses that do not contain DNA.
● Rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold; influenza viruses; and the
Ebola virus are single-stranded RNA viruses.
● Rotaviruses, which cause severe gastroenteritis in children and other
immunocompromised individuals, are examples of double-stranded
RNA viruses.
● Because double-stranded RNA is uncommon in eukaryotic cells, its
presence serves as an indicator of viral infection.
15. Discovery of first restriction enzyme
(1970)
● In 1970, for discovery of restriction endonucleases (often called by the shorter
name restriction enzymes) Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans
received the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
16. Why discovery of restriction enzymes is
important?
● Following things became possible
○ Manipulating, analyzing, and creating new combinations of DNA sequences.
○ DNA cloning
○ Hereditary disease diagnosis, paternity testing
○ Forensics, genomics (e.g., the human genome project), epigenetics, genetically
modified organisms, and biotechnology.
○ Indeed, without the discovery of restriction enzymes, the fields of recombinant DNA
technology, biotechnology, and genomics as we know them today would not exist.
17. Demonstration of fundamental
differences between viroids and viruses
(1971)
● Theodor Otto Diener in 1971, discovered that the causative agent of the
potato spindle tuber disease is not a virus, but a novel agent, which consists
solely of a short strand of single-stranded RNA without a protein capsid,
eighty times smaller than the smallest viruses. He proposed to name it and
similar agents to be discovered viroids.
● which initiated the third major expansion of the biosphere towards smaller
living entities.
● Based on their respective molecular properties, viroids are more plausible
“living fossils” of the RNA World, than are intron-derived RNAs.
18. Development of the technique for
producing monoclonal antibodies(1975)
● The successful technology was described for the first time in 1975
● Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein invented it
● mAbs were produced by hybridoma cells representing a clone arising from a
single cell
● They are used as a research tool, in diagnostics, in medicine for treatment of
cancer or in transplantology
● Though, it is a multistage and time consuming process
19. Nobel prize for developing RIA (1977)
Rosalyn Yalow and her co-worker S.A.Berson were awarded the
Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1977 for the development of
Radioimmunoassay.
Development of RIA stimulated a revolution in theoretical immunology.
Investigators used it to screen blood for hepatitis virus in blood banks,
determine effective dosage levels drugs and antibiotics, detect foreign
substances in blood.
This technique is remarkably sensitive and measures incredibly low
concentration of substances
.
20. ● The complete DNA sequence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was first
completely sequenced from a eukaryote
● It was established in 1997 as the work of a worldwide effort of hundreds of researchers
● S.cerevisiae strain S288C reference genome sequence was updated
● It provided the general chromosomal organisation as well as protein coding sequences
● The new version is called ‘S288C 2010’ was determined from a single yeast colony
using modern sequence technologies and serves as an anchor for modern innovation
in genomic science
The complete nucleotide sequence of all
of the chromosomes of a eukaryote is
reported (yeast)(1997)
