The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and nervous systems. It discusses the components of blood and different types of blood vessels. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, which work together to circulate blood throughout the body. The lymphatic system drains excess fluid from tissues, transports lipids, and carries out immune responses through lymph nodes and vessels. The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

1. Introduction to Medical
Terminologies
Lecture 03
PREPARED BY
MUHAMMAD SALMAN BUTT
1SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY

2. Lecture: 3
2SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
•What is a cardio-vascular system
•What are the different types of circulatory systems present in the human body
•What are the components of blood
•What are the different types of blood vessels present in the body
•What are the different types of immunity and its function in the body
•What is a lymphatic system and importance of lymph in the body
•What is an autonomic system and its importance in the body

3. Chapter 07: The Cardio-Vascular system
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 3

4. Introduction
oThe cardiovascular system consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood
vessels.
oThe branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the
disorders associated with them is hematology.
oFunctionally, the cardiovascular system transports substances to and from body cells. To perform
its functions, blood must circulate throughout the body.
oThe heart serves as the pump for circulation, and blood vessels carry blood from the heart to
body cells and from body cells back to the heart.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 4

5. Two Division of Circulatory System
A- BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood vascular system consists of
1. Heart (Pump-Like Organ)
2. Blood vessels (Arteries-Capillaries-veins)
Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of
cells surrounded by extracellular matrix.
Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the total
body weight. The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters
(1.5 gal) in an average-sized adult male and 4 to 5
liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female.
The difference in volume is due to differences in
body size.
B- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
It consists of lymph nodes and vessels in which
the lymph circulates.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 5

6. Composition of Blood
Blood is composed of two portions
1- BLOOD PLASMA
oA liquid extracellular matrix that contains
dissolved substances.
oPlasma is about 91.5 percent water, 7 percent
proteins, and 1.5 percent solutes other than
proteins.
oProteins in the blood, the plasma proteins, are
synthesized mainly by the liver.
oThe most plentiful plasma proteins are the
albumins, which account for about 54 percent of
all plasma proteins.
2- FORMED ELEMENTS
These are cells and cell fragments.
The formed elements of the blood are the
following.
1- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2- White blood cells (leukocytes)
3- Platelets
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 6

7. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 7
Composition
of Blood

8. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 8
Structure of Vessels

9. Classification of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries are the vessels which carries blood
away from the heart.
2. Division of Arties are called arterioles which
will be proximal to the capillary. The size of
arterioles varies from 100 micro meter to 12
micro meters.
3. Capillaries are the minute vessels that
connect the arterioles and venules forming a
network in nearly all parts of the body.
4. Any of the small vessels that collect blood
from the capillary plexuses and join to form
veins are called venules.
5. Veins are the vessels through which blood
passes from various tissues and organs
towards heart.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 9

10. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 10
Anterior view of frontal section
showing internal anatomy of heart

11. Classification of Circulation
Two main types of circulations are as follow.
1. Systemic circulation: In this circulation the
blood flows from left ventricle through the
whole body and generally returns to the
right side of the heart.
2. Pulmonary Circulation: In this circulation
the blood flows from the right ventricle,
through the lungs and returns to the left
side of the heart.
3. Hepatic Portal Circulation: In this
circulation blood has to pass through two
sets of capillaries before reaching inferior
vena cava.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 11

12. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 12
Circulatory routes. Red arrows indicate
hepatic portal circulation. The details of the
pulmonary circulation are shown here, and
the details of the hepatic portal circulation
are shown in Figure

13. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 13
Circulation of blood

14. Anastomosis
It is a connection between two vessels by
collateral channels
Types of Anastomosis: There are three types of
anastomoses;
1. Arterial Anastomosis. (Connection
between arteries)
2. Venous Anastomosis. (Connection
between Veins)
3. Arterio- Venous Anastomosis. (Connection
between arteries and veins).
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 14

15. Chapter 08: Lymphatic System
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 15

16. What is an Immunity
Immunity or resistance is the ability to use our body’s defenses to ward off damage or disease.
Types of Immunity: There are two types of Immunity
1. Innate Immunity 2. Adaptive Immunity
1. Innate Immunity: It refers to defenses that are present at birth. They are always present and
available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease. Innate immunity does not
involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way.
2. Adaptive Immunity: It refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it
has breached the innate immunity defenses. Adaptive immunity is based on a specific response
to a specific microbe; that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 16

17. What is a lymphatic System
The body system responsible for adaptive
immunity (and some aspects of innate
immunity) is the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph,
lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and
organs containing lymphatic tissue, and red
bone marrow.
Interstitial fluid: Most components of blood
plasma filter out of blood capillary walls to
form interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds
the cells of body tissues.
Lymph: After interstitial fluid passes into
lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 17

18. Function of Lymphatic System
All the tissues of the body are bathed with lymphatic fluid and it perform three important
functions;
1. Drains excess interstitial fluid. Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked
proteins from tissue spaces and return them to the blood. This activity helps maintain fluid
balance in the body and prevents depletion of vital plasma proteins.
2. Transports dietary lipids. Lymphatic vessels transport the lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A,
D, E, and K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood.
3. Carries out immune responses. Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed
against particular microbes or abnormal cells.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 18

19. Circulation of Lymph
The sequence of fluid flow is:
Blood capillaries (blood plasma) →
Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) →
lymphatic capillaries (lymph) → lymphatic
vessels and lymph nodes (lymph) →
lymphatic ducts (lymph) → junction of
jugular and subclavian veins (blood
plasma).
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 19

20. Factors which regulate the flow of lymph
Lymph flow is influenced by following factors:
1. Rhythmical contraction of blood vessel.
2. Pumping action of contracting muscles.
3. Negative pressure (suction force) in the thoracic cavity.
4. Positive pressure in the abdominal cavity during inspiration.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 20

21. Lecture links
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 21

22. Chapter 09: The Nervous System
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 22

23. Cells of nervous system and their functions
The two types of cells found in the nervous
system are called neurons or nerve cells and
neuroglia, which are specialized connective
tissue cells. Neurons conduct impulses, whereas
neuroglia supports neurons.
Neurons: Each neuron consists of three parts: a
main part called the neuron cell body, one or
more branching projections called dendrites, and
one elongated projection known as an axon.
Dendrites: Dendrites are the processes or
projections that transmit impulses to the neuron
cell bodies.
Axon: axons are the processes that transmit
impulses away from the neuron cell bodies.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 23

24. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 24
Neurons Structures

25. Types of Neuron
Neurons can be classified structurally and
functionally. The three types of functional
classification of neurons are according to the
direction in which they transmit impulses.
1. Sensory Neuron: Sensory neurons transmit
impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all
parts of the body. Sensory neurons are also
called afferent neurons.
2. Motor Neuron: Motor neurons transmit
impulses in the opposite direction-away from
the brain and spinal cord. motor neurons are
called efferent neurons.
3. Interneurons: Interneurons conduct impulses
from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
Interneurons are called central or connecting
neurons.
Neuroglia: Neuroglia does not specialize in
transmitting impulses. Instead, they are special
types of connective tissue cells. Their name is
appropriate because it is derived from Greek word
glia meaning "glue." One function of neuroglia cells
is to hold the functioning neurons together and
protect them.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 25

26. Classification of Nervous system
Anatomically the nervous system is classified as
follow;
1. Central Nervous System ( C.N.S): It is that
portion of the nervous system which contains
the main centers for correlation and
integration of neural information. This
portion of the nervous system is well
protected by the meninges, Cerebral Spinal
Fluid (CSF), Skull and Vertebrae. It includes;
Brain and Spinal Cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System: It is the portion
of the nervous system which lies outside the
cranial cavity and vertebral canal. It includes;
Peripheral nerves and cranial nerves
Nervous
System
Central
Nervous system
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral
nervous system
Peripheral
Nerves
Cranial Nerves
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 26

27. Division of the Brain
The brain, one of our largest organs,
consists of the following major
division, named in ascending order
beginning with the most inferior part:
1. Brain Stem: a. Medulla Oblongata,
b. Pons, c. Midbrain.
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon: a. Hypothalamus,
b. Thalamus
4. Cerebrum
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 27

28. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 28
Functions of the principal parts of the brain
PART FUNCTION
Brain Stem Medulla oblongata: Contains sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts. Reticular
formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal. Vital
centers regulate heartbeat, breathing (together with pons), and blood vessel diameter. Other centers
coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial
nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII.
Pons: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts. Together with the medulla, helps control breathing.
Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII.
Midbrain Midbrain: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts. Superior colliculi coordinate movements of head,
eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and
trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to control of
movement. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV.
Diencephalon Thalamus: Relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by
transmitting information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Also
plays a role in maintaining consciousness.
Hypothalamus: Controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns and circadian rhythms. Controls body temperature and
regulates eating and drinking behavior. Helps maintain waking state and establishes patterns of sleep.

29. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 29
PART FUNCTION
Cerebellum: Smoothens and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance.
May have role in cognition and language processing.
Cerebrum: Sensory areas of cerebral cortex are involved in perception of sensory information; motor
areas control execution of voluntary movements; association areas deal with more complex
integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Basal nuclei help
initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle
tone. Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection,
fear, and anger.

30. Reflex Arc
The structural unit of the nervous system is a neuron and functional unit is the reflex circuit or reflex
arc. The simplest reflex circuit is composed of following parts.
1. Receptor: It responds to a stimulus of some kind and generates the action potential e.g. sensory
nerve endings in the skin.
2. Afferent neuron or sensory neuron: It carries the sensory impulse from the receptors towards
the central nervous system.
3. Reflex center: It is located in the central nervous system and is composed of different types of
neurons which analyze the sensory impulse.
4. Efferent neuron or motor neuron: It carries the orders from the motor neuron of the central
nervous system towards the effectors.
5. Effector: It may be a muscle or a gland which starts functioning in response to orders received
from central nervous system e.g. the muscle will contract and the gland will secrete. This
functional activity is known as reflex response.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 30

31. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 31
Reflex Arc

32. The Autonomic Nervous System
It is that part of the central and peripheral nervous system which is concerned with the involuntary
activities of the body like respiration, circulation, sweating, Salivation peristalsis etc.
Division: The autonomic Nervous system is divided into two parts which contain both the afferent
(Sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve fibers.
A- Sympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for an acute emergency in the
following ways:
1. It accelerates the heart rate.
2. It causes peripheral vasoconstriction.
3. It raises the blood pressure.
4. It facilitates the redistribution of the blood
5. It inhibits the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract.
6. It closes the various sphincters.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 32

33. Autonomic Nervous System.
B- Parasympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for long term emergency
in the following way.
1. It decreases the heart rate.
2. It causes peripheral vasodilation.
3. It decreases blood pressure.
4. It increases the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract and its glandular activities.
5. It relaxes the various sphincters.
6. Its activity is aimed at conserving and restoring the energy.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 33

34. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 34
Spinal Nerves