Gives a brief description on the anatomy and the physiology of the heart. Explains the generation and conduction of cardiac action potential in detail. It also describes the mathematical modelling diagram of the cardiac system in short.

1. Presented by-
Namrata Kadambi(14005)
Saurabh Nair(14007)
Urvashi Pachpute(14008)
Rajdatt Vernekar(14015)
Circulatory system and its
mathematical model
Date : 26th August 2016

2. INDEX
 Anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system.
 Variation of po2 levels in the blood.
 Generation of action potential
• Cardiac conducting system
• Electrophysiology
• Cardiac action potential
 Excitation-contraction coupling.
 Mathematical modeling of the circulatory system.

3. Anatomy and Physiology of the
Circulatory System

4. Layers of the heart
1. Heart is made up of 3 layers .
a) Epicardium .
b) Myocardium.
c) Endocardium .

5.  Epicardium
i. Outermost layer.
ii. Thin layer .
iii. Lubricate & protect .
 Myocardium
i. Muscular middle layer .
ii. Contains .
iii. Majority of thickness & mass of the heart .
 Endocardium
i. Simple squamous endothelium .
ii. Lines inside the heart.
iii. Function: Prevents blood from sticking to the inside
surface of the heart.

6. Anatomy of the heart

7. 1. Size
2. Weighs (200-425 gms).
3. Location.
 Between lungs in the middle of the chest
,behind & slightly to the left of the sternum.
4. Pericardium
 double layered membrane.
 Produces fluid to lubricate the heart &
prevent friction.
 Outer layer surrounds the roots of heart
blood vessels & attached by ligament to
spinal column , diaphragm .
 Inner layer attached to heart muscle .

8. 5. Heart has 4 chambers
a) Upper chamber consists of left & right atrium.
b) Lower chamber consists of left & right ventricle .
 Atria
i. Size .
ii. Less Muscular walls .
iii. Receiving chambers .
iv. Connected to veins that carry blood to
heart.
 Ventricles
i. Size.
ii. Stronger pumping chambers .
iii. Connected to arteries that carry blood away
from the heart .

9. Physiology of the cardiac system
 Right atrium : Receives blood from the
veins & pumps it to the right ventricle .
 Right ventricle : Receives blood from the
right atrium & pumps it to the lungs where it
is loaded with oxygen.
 Left atrium : Receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs & pumps it to the left ventricle
.
 Left ventricle : pumps oxygen rich blood to
the rest of the body.
 Left ventricle is the largest & strongest
chamber.

11. Variation of po2 levels in the blood

12. What is Po2 level?
Varying of Po2 levels when the blood reaches
the lungs.
Po2 levels in the pulmonary veins and pulmonary
arteries.
Variation of po2 levels in the blood

14. Generation of action potential

15. Conduction of an impulse

16. Electrophysiology
 Two main forces drive ions across cell
membranes:
 Chemical potential: an ion will move down
its concentration gradient.
 Electrical potential: an ion will move away from
ions/molecules of like charge.

17. Ion Channels
 The transmembrane potential (TMP) is the
electrical potential difference (voltage) between
the inside and the outside of a cell. When there is
a net movement of +ve ions into a cell, the TMP
becomes more +ve, and when there is
a net movement of +ve ions out of a cell, TMP
becomes more –ve.

18. Trans-membrane ionic concentration

19. Cardiac action potential
 Phase 4: The resting phase
 Phase 0: Depolarization
 Phase 1: Early repolarization
 Phase 2: The plateau phase
 Phase 3: Repolarization

21. Excitation-Contraction coupling

22. Contractile proteins
a) Main contractile elements:
 Myosin: thick filaments with globular heads evenly spaced
along their length; contains myosin ATPase.
 Actin: smaller molecule (thin filaments) consisting of two
strands arranged as an alpha-helix, woven between myosin
filaments.
b) Regulatory elements:
 Tropomyosin: double helix that lies in the groove between
actin filaments. It prevents contraction in the resting state by
inhibiting the interaction between myosin heads and actin.
 Troponin: complex with three subunits that sits at regular
intervals along the actin strands.

25. Mathematical modeling of the
circulatory system

26. Block diagram of the circulatory system

27. Mathematical model

28. Bibliography
 www.google.com
 www.pathophys.org
 En.wikipedia.org
 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
 www.siam.org

29. Thank You