Grammar

1. Grammar is what turns words into language. (Berry 2018:
4)
What is
Grammar?
Noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, conjunction,
determiner (Depraetere, I., &
Langford, C., 2019: 7).
Noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, auxiliary,
conjunction, determiner,
pronoun (Berry 2015a, 2018).
an explanation of how a language works and what its
possible constructions are. (Depraetere, I., & Langford,
C., 2019: 1)
Noun, pronoun, determiner, main
verb, auxiliary verb, preposition,
adjective, adverbs, conjunctions
(Nelson, G., 2019: ).

2. THE PARTS OF
SPEECH
NOUN, DETERMINER,
PRONOUN

3. WHAT IS A NOUN?
Write down some examples of nouns!
Concrete objects Abstract entities
Person
Place
Thing Ideas
Emotions/
qualities
Nouns are commonly also defined by four contrastive categories:
proper/common; singular/plural; mass/count; and generic/specific.

4. CATEGORIES OF NOUN
Proper versus common
nouns
Common nouns are that they name
classes or types of things (e.g. not
Peoria but city/cities; not Carrie
Underwood but singer/s; not Peoria
Journal Star but newspaper/s; not
Empire State Building but office
building/s).
Proper nouns is that they name
specific and capitalized and, within
the context of use, unique places
(Peoria), people (Carrie
Underwood), things (Peoria Journal
Star; Empire State Building), or
events (World War II).
Singular versus plural
nouns
Singular nouns
to refer to single
objects (e.g. cat)
or groups
considered as
units (e.g.
audience).
Plural nouns to refer to a group of
individuals (e.g. cats) or a group of groups
(e.g. audiences).
adding –s
(book/books) or -es
(bus/buses;
flurry/flurries),
Exceptional of adding –s/es
(child/children,
medium/media,
phenomenon/phenomena)

5. CATEGORIES NOUN
Countable nouns and uncountable (mass.) nouns
Mass nouns refer to masses
of material or things that
conventionally cannot be
counted, with the words more
and less.
Count nouns
refer to countable
objects, with the
words more and
fewer.
Generic vs. specific
nouns
Generic nouns
refer to the general
category of an
object.
Specific noun refers
to a particular
individual member of
a category.
Dogs like to run My dog likes to
run

6. Practice!
 Find the nouns in the following sentence: (Remember!...a noun is a
person, place, thing, or idea)
1. Mark and Jennifer have a son.
2. There are many people in this classroom who are missing
assignments.
3. I am ready forThanksgiving.
4. The man in the mirror was no one but himself.
5. I have never been so upset in my life!
*Your turn:Write 2 sentences and identify the nouns in your sentences.

7. DETERMINER
Determiners come before a noun and indicate (1) the kind of reference the noun
has, (2) whether the noun is singular or plural, and (3) possession.
Kinds of Determiners
 Articles : a/an, the.
 Demonstratives : this, that, these, those.
 Possessives : my, our, your, his, her, their, its.
 Quantifiers : a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough.
 Numbers : one, ten, some, any, many, a few, all, several, each, every, either,
neither etc.
 Distributive : all, both, half, either, neither each, every, only.

8. The most common
determiners are article: a/an
and the.
A/an indicates an indefinite
reference, while the indicates a
definite reference:
Articles
The use of 'a' and 'an' is
basically related with
the sound of
pronunciation of words.
'An' is used before words which begin with
vowel sound, no matter whether their first
letter is a vowel or a consonant
'A' is used before words which begin with
consonant sound, no matter whether their
first letter is a vowel or a consonant.
Demonstratives
these and
those
This and
that
are used before plural countable
nouns.
are used before singular countable nouns
My, our, your, his, her, its, their are called possessive and these are used
to indicate relation of things or actions with other things or nouns.
Possessives

9. Numbers
Indefinite Number : These indicate indefinite
number. These are : some, many, many a, a few, all,
lots of, a great deal of, a good deal of, plenty of, a
large number of, several, etc.
Determiners
signifying number
are of two types :
Definite Number : These indicate definite number
such as : one, two, first, second.
Distributive
Each, every, either and neither are used to indicate one person or
thing among many persons or things.

10. Fill in the blanks with a/an/the/x.
1. She is……..untidy girl.
2. She scored…….highest marks in the examination.
3. April is fourth month of the year.
4. Sunil, ............ watchman of our colony, has gone…..home.
5. Which is……..nearest railway station from here ?
6. ............ Ganga is ............ sacred river for Hindus.
7. Let's discuss ............ problem seriously.
8. I first saw ............ Himalayas ............ year ago but I have not
climbed … Mount Everest.
9. I was driving my bike at 60 km …. hour.
10. He is ….. poorest boy of the class.
11. I bought ............ pen, ............inkpot and … pencil.
12. Don't make …. noise.
13. Draw ….. map of India
14. 15. ............ dog is animal.

11. PRONOUN
 A pronoun can replace a noun.
 Example:
 Mark----He
 Mary-----She
 Mark and Mary-----They

12. PRONOUNTYPES:
Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, whose,
theirs
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Objective: me, you, him, her, it, us, whom, them
Subjective: I, you, he, she, it, we, who, they
Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves,
themselves
Indefinite: anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody

13. PRONOUN PRACTICE
Identify the pronouns in the following sentences:
1. They have never been so happy.
2. It was a really good day today.
3. She was upset with herself for failing it.
4. You and I should take a walk.
5. The candy is neither yours nor mine.
*Your turn!Write 2 sentences and identify the pronouns
in the sentences.

14. PRONOUNS (cont’d)
 The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the
antecedent.
 For example:
Allen got off work at seven, then he went home.
He=pronoun Allen=antecedent
Maria is a very bright student; she made all A’s on her
report card.
She, Her=pronouns Maria=antecedent