1. DYP
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL PROJECT
CERTIFICATE
Name Ro
Hrishikesh Tarange Y
Omkar Kumbarde Y
Avinash sakhere Y
Yogesh Yelavi Y
Atharva Patil Y
Aditya Gothmare Y
This is to certify that, has satisfactorily carried out and complete the project work entitled
types of stones
This Work Is Being Submitted for the Award of Diploma in Civil Engineering Partial
Fulfillment of Prescribed Syllabus of M.S.B.T.E Mumbai for Academic For year 2019-2020
Mr. Shubham Handguide Mr. Abhijeet Patil
GUIDE HOD OF CIVIL DEPARTMENT
Prof. A.S. Kondekar
2. PRINCIPAL
types of Stones
Aim/Benefits of Micro-Project: -
To know the types of cements, characteristic, properties, and their specifications.
Objective: -
This project helps us to know types of cement and their properties.
Proposed Methodology: -
● First this process requires the land which will be types of stone and proper instruments.
● Then it will require the method by which the stones would be carried out.
● When the stones are extracted then they are crushed to produce aggregate, which is then
screened into the sizes required for immediate use.
● If required, they will be coated with bitumen to make bituminous macadam (bitmac) or
asphalt.
Action Plan: -
S
no.
Details of activity Planned
Start date
Planned
Finish date
Name of responsible
team members
1) Getting information of the
topic
14/01/2020 16/01/2020 Yogesh, hrishikesh,
omkar
2) Completing and getting
project ready for submission
16/01/2020 19/01/2020 Avinash, Aditya,
atharva
Resources Required: -
S
no.
Name of resource/material Specifications Quantity
1) Notebook and textbook Providing
information
1
2) Laptop Presentation 1
3. Names of Team Members with Roll No: -
Name Roll no.
Hrishikesh Tarange Y-1171
Omkar Kumbarde Y-1139
Avinash sakhere Y-1162
Yogesh Yelavi Y-1177
Atharva Patil Y-1154
Aditya Gothmare Y-1121
Name Of Programme : Micro project on the topic types of cement
Semester : ll nd
Course Title : Construction Material
Title : Type of cement
Sr. no. Characteristics to be
assessed
Poor
(marks 1-3 )
Average
(marks4-5)
Good
(marks 6-8)
Excellent
(marks 9-10)
Sub
Total
(A) Process and product Assessment (convert above total marks out of 6 marks)
1.
Relevance to the
Course
2. Literature
Review/information
3.C Completion of the
target as per project
proposal
4. Analysis of data and
representation
5. Quality of
Prototype/Model
4. 6. Report preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/viva (convert above marks out of 4 marks)
7. Presentation
8. Viva
Name Roll no. (A)
Process And
Product
Assessment
(6 marks)
(B)
Individual
Presentation/Viva
(4 marks)
Total
Marks
Hrishikesh Tarange Y-1171
Omkar Kumbarde Y-1139
Avinash sakhere Y-1162
Yogesh Yelavi Y-1177
Atharva Patil Y-1154
Aditya Gothmare Y-1121
Comment/Suggestions about teamwork/leadership/interpersonal communication
Name and designation of the teacher_____Mr.Shubham
chandgude.______________________________
Dated Signature____________________________________
5. ● INTRODUCTION
Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive forces that bind together other solid material
matter into a compact durable form. Cement is a powdered mineral substance containing
lime or gypsum which when mixed with water forms a paste that will set and harden into a
hard and brittle material. It is used as a binder in making concrete, mortar and plaster.
There are natural and artificial cements:
● Natural cements include Roman cement, Pozzolanas cement and Medina cement;
these occur from natural cement stones.
● Artificial cements are those manufactured in a factory, for example Portland cement
and other special cements.
Cement is extensively used in all building and civil engineering construction works, particularly
in structural elements where high strength is needed. This includes bridge abutments, piers,
retaining walls, towers and in large structures such as suspended bridges, silos, chimneys; and
in structures that are exposed to the action of water, such as dams and reservoirs.
1. Portland cement
Portland cement is produced by finely pulverizing clinker that is obtained by calcining to
incipient fusion, an intimate and properly-proportioned mixture of argillaceous and
calcareous materials. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is categorized by its physical
requirements which include fineness, soundness, setting time (initial and final) and
compressive strength. For each cement category there are required compressive strengths in
MPa; Category A 32 – 37.5, B 37.5 – 42.5, C 42.5 – 47.5, D 47.5 – 52.5, E 52.5 – 57.5 and F 57.5
– 62.5
6. Changing the chemical composition of OPC using additives or other types of raw materials
changes the characteristics of cement to suit the desired use in a given environment.
2. Rapid hardening cement
Figure 1
RHPC is manufactured by adding lime content into an OPC clinker; rapid hardening cement
attains the strength in one day which a normal ordinary Portland cement attains in three
days. For workability, it needs a lot of water which later causes shrinkage. Concrete made
with rapid hardening cement is used on those structural elements that are severely exposed
to frost, because it matures more quickly. Its properties include an initial setting time of 30
minutes, final setting time of 10 hours, compressive strength in 1 day of 16N/mm², and in
three-days 27.5 N/mm².
RHPC is used for the construction and repair of roads and bridges, and for those components
onto which load is applied within a short time of concrete casting.
7. 3. Super-sulphated Portland cement
SSPC is manufactured by finely grinding and blending a mixture of granulated blast furnace
slag with calcium sulphate and 33-grade Portland cement. The water resistance of concrete
made with supersulphated Portland cement is higher compared to ordinary Portland cement.
This is due to the absence of free calcium oxide hydrate. Its properties include low heat
hydration, resistance to chemical attacks, particularly sulphates, compressive strength after
three days of 15N/mm, after seven days of 22N/mm2, after 28 days of 30N/mm2.
SSPC is used in hydraulic engineering installations and constructions such as installation of
reinforced cement concrete (RCC) pipes in ground water, concrete structures in sulphate-
bearing soils, sewers carrying industrial effluents and concrete exposed to concentrated
sulphates of weak mineral acids. SSPC is not used in constructions that are exposed to
extreme changes in temperature e.g. freezing and thawing conditions.
1. Sulphate-resisting Portland cement
Figure 2
SRPC is produced by grinding and blending a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous, silica,
alumina and iron oxide-bearing materials.
8. It has fineness of 400m²/kg, a cement expansion limit 5mm, initial setting 30 minutes and
final setting ten hours. Compressive strength after three days 10N/mm², after seven days
16N/mm², and after 28 days 33N/mm²
SRPC is used where the prevailing temperature is below 40C, and in conditions where
concrete is exposed to deterioration due to sulphate attack e.g. concrete in contact with soils
or water containing excessive sulphates, such as in sea water or near a coast.
2. Portland Slag Cement
Figure 3
Portland slag cement is manufactured by an intimate and uniform blending of Portland
cement and finely granulated slag.
Its properties are the same as that of the Ordinary Portland cement i.e. compressive strength
at 3 days of 10N/mm², at seven days 16N/mm² and at 28 days 33N/mm², initial and final
setting 30 minutes to 10 hours respectively.
9. 3. Low Heat Portland cement
LHPC is manufactured for decreasing the heat that is produced during the hydration process
of common Ordinary Portland Cement. The rate of strength development is slow but the
ultimate strength is the same as that of the Ordinary Portland Cement.
Less heat is evolved in setting, initial setting of 60 minutes and final setting 10 hours,
compressive strength at three days of 10 N/mm², 7 days 16 N/mm² and 28 days 35 N/mm².
Suitable for large mass concreting works such as dams and raft foundation works.
4. Portland pozzolana cement
Figure 4
PPC is manufactured by finely and uniformly blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana
(burnt clay, shale or fly ash). Puzzola has no cementitious properties itself but combines with
lime to form a stable lime-pozzolana compound which has definite cementitious properties.
10. It has greater resistance to chemical attack, making it suitable for marine work; greater water
resisting properties than ordinary Portland cement, and has a lower rate of strength
development but its ultimate strength is the same as that of Ordinary Portland cement
Due to its low heat evolution property, Portland Pozzolana cement is used for mass concrete
works, such as in dam construction and in areas where concrete will be exposed to extreme
temperatures, such as in incinerators.
5. Quick-setting Portland cement
Figure 5
QSPC is manufactured by reducing the quantity of gypsum and adding a small percentage of
aluminium sulphate, ground into a finer powder than ordinary Portland cement.
11. Initial setting time five minutes and final setting time 30 minutes
Used when cement concrete is being poured underwater or in running water.
6. Asbestos cement
Figure 6
Asbestos cement (AC), also known as ‘fibro’ or AC sheet, is a thin cement sheet or panel which
is given rigidity by the inclusion of asbestos fibers. Asbestos cement can be moulded into any
shape that ordinary wet cement can, but typically, it is formed into flat or corrugated sheets
or piping. AC is generally grey or brown in appearance and has a coarse texture.
AC became popular during and post-World War II as a means of building inexpensive
structures. It was also promoted as a fire-resistant alternative to more common roofing
materials such as asphalt as well as an affordable alternative to timber shingles, brick, slate
and stone. Today, AC is commonly found in the roofs and walls of old sheds, garages or in
soffits beneath eaves.
The use of AC has been banned in several countries. This is because it contains asbestos and
when it ages it releases tiny fibres into the air which can be inhaled in the lungs and may
increase the risk of lung diseases.
12. Contractors for licensable asbestos removal are held on a list by the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE). However, AC panels are a non-licensable asbestos product, which means
they may be removed by non-licence holders but the work must be carried out in accordance
with HSE requirements by suitably-trained personnel.
The removal of AC panels is an exception, as the asbestos is in a bound matrix that is generally
capable of remaining rigid without releasing fibres into the air. Panels may be discoloured or
cracked in places but this will not negatively affect their integrity and make them hazardous.
AC panels can be found indoors, but as long as they are undamaged they do not need to be
removed, but should be subject to regular checking, and can be sealed with paint or sealant.
In the UK, there is no legal requirement to dispose of AC, but care should be taken not to
damage the panels in a way that could generate dust, thereby releasing fibres. If homeowners
require it, they can arrange the disposal of AC panels with the help of the local council.
Safe steps to take when removing AC sheets include:
● Using a water sprayer to dampen the area around bolts and fasteners and reduce
dust.
● Avoiding the application of pressure to panels which could cause them to break.
● Avoiding cutting, breaking or doing anything to panels which could generate dust.
● Lowering the panels carefully and placing them in strong polythene sacks sealed
with tape.
● Clearly labelled the sacks as containing AC.
● Removing any debris.
● Cleaning equipment, surfaces and protective clothing that may have dust on them.
7. Ferro-cement
Ferro-cement is a composite material made up of mortar and light wire steel mesh. It is a
highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.
13. figure 7
The mesh is formed into the shape of the structure in thin sections, and should mesh
uniformly throughout the cross-section. Rebar is sometimes used as a means of stiffening the
structure. On both sides of the reinforcement layer the stiff mortar is applied to the required
thickness. Care must be taken to completely cover with metal with mortar, or else the metal
may be at risk of corrosion.
The strength of the ferro-cement is determined by the quality of the sand/cement mortar mix
and the quantity of the reinforcing materials used.
Ferro-cement is typically used to relatively thin but strong surfaces and structures, such as for
shell roofs, water tanks, and so on.
Due to the increased amount of labour required for the construction process, ferro-cement
structures tend to be found in countries with low labour costs, such as in Asia and the Pacific
regions.
The advantages of ferro-cement are as follows:
● It can be fabricated into any shape required.
● Construction is relatively easy and low-skill.
● It is a lightweight material with good durability.
14. ● Relatively cost-effective.
The disadvantages of ferro-cement are as follows:
● Fastening with bolts, screws, nails, and such like, can be difficult on ferro-cement.
● Labour-intensive construction process.
● Tying rods and mesh together is time-consuming.
● Can be vulnerable to puncture from pointed objects.
