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1. 普通硅酸盐水泥（OPC）的成分
GROUP MEMBERS
迈克尔 234818016
哈博 234818020
林力 234818012
GROUP ONE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
THE COMPOSITION OF ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC)
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Outline of Presentation
Introduction Compound for OPC Functions of OPC
The Differences &
Features between the
Mineral Components
Advantages &
Disadvantages
of OPC
Conclusions
Typical Mineral
Composition & the
General Percentages
Literature Studies

3. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
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OPC is a binding material derived by fine crushing of Portland clinkers
with a small quantity of gypsum for adjusting the setting time and
forbidding flash setting. Notably, the major component of OPC is lime
which makes up around 67 percent of the composition.
Ordinary Portland cement is one of the most widely used type of Cement.
Types, properties, constituents, manufacture, uses and advantages of
Ordinary Portland Cement is discussed. In 1824 Joseph Aspdin gave the
name as Portland cement as it has similarity in colour and quality found in
Portland stone, which is a white grey limestone in island of Portland,
Dorset.

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Jeffrey et al (2020)
Posits that, the influence of clinker chemistry on the performance of OPC
blended with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The
findings suggest that clinker composition significantly affects the
synergistic interactions between SCMs and OPC, impacting strength
development and hydration characteristics.
This study, led by Professor Jeffrey Bullard, investigated the influence of
clinker mineralogy on the hydration and performance of OPC. The
findings demonstrate that the composition and crystal structure of clinker
minerals significantly affect the hydration reactions and strength
development of OPC
LITERATURE REVIEW & STUDIES
Karen et al 2023
Bentz et al (2022)
This study, conducted by Professor David Bentz and his team, explored
the impact of SCMs, such as fly ash and slag, on the hydration and
performance of OPC. The results indicate that SCMs can modify the
hydration kinetics and microstructure of OPC, leading to improved
durability and reduced environmental impact.

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Compound for
OPC
Main Compounds and Their Functions

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Main Compounds and Their Functions
1. Tricalcium Silicate (C3S):
C3S, also known as alite, It is the primary constituent of OPC, plays a crucial role in determining the
properties and performance of cementitious materials.
FUNCTIONS
a. Early Strength Development: C3S is the main contributor to the early strength development of OPC.
Its rapid hydration reaction with water leads to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, the
primary binding phase in hardened cement paste.
b. High Early Heat of Hydration: C3S hydration generates a significant amount of heat, which
contributes to the early setting and hardening of concrete.
c. Affects Sulfate Resistance: C3S is more susceptible to sulfate attack than other cementitious
compounds

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Main Compounds and Their Functions
2.Dicalcium Silicate (C2S):
C2S, also known as belite, constitutes around 15-30% of OPC. C2S is the second most abundant
mineral in ordinary Portland cement (OPC), plays a crucial role in the long-term performance and
durability of cementitious materials.
FUNCTIONS
i. Contributes to Long-Term Strength: C2S hydrates slowly, contributing to the long-term strength
development of concrete.
ii. Enhances Durability: C2S enhances the durability of concrete by improving its resistance to
chemical attack, particularly sulfate attack. Its slower hydration rate also reduces the risk of early-age
cracking due to heat generation.
iii. Provides Volume Stability: C2S contributes to the volume stability of concrete, reducing the
potential for shrinkage and cracking

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Main Compounds and Their Functions
3. Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A):
Tricalcium aluminate (C3A), a minor but essential component of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), plays a
crucial role in the early hydration reactions and setting behavior of cementitious materials.
FUNCTIONS
i. Early Hydration and Setting: C3A is the most reactive compound in OPC, hydrating rapidly upon
contact with water.
ii. Influences Workability: The rapid hydration of C3A can affect the workability of fresh concrete.
iii. Sulfate Resistance: C3A is susceptible to sulfate attack, which can cause expansion and cracking of
concrete.

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Main Compounds and Their Functions
4. Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF):
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF), a minor but essential component of ordinary Portland cement
(OPC), contributes to the overall properties and performance of cementitious materials.
FUNCTIONS
i. Contributes to Color: C4AF imparts the characteristic grayish color to cement and concrete. Its
hydration products, primarily calcium aluminate ferrite hydrates, influence the overall appearance
of the hardened material.
ii. Contributes to Long-Term Strength: C4AF continues to hydrate over time, contributing to the
long-term strength development of concrete.
iii. Moderates Heat of Hydration: C4AF hydrates at a slower rate compared to C3A, helping to
moderate the overall heat of hydration.

11. Four Typical Mineral Compositions
in Clinker and their Percentages
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Typical mineral
compositions
The four typical mineral compositions in clinker, along with their general percentages, are as
follows:
a. Tricalcium silicate (C3S): 50-70%
b. Dicalcium silicate (C2S): 15-30%
c. Tricalcium aluminate (C3A): 5-10%
d. Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF): 5-15%

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Mineral
Components
Differences and Features of the Four Mineral Components

15.  Tricalcium Silicate (C3S):
i. The primary contributor to early strength development due to its rapid hydration.
ii. Generates a significant amount of heat during hydration, beneficial in cold weather concreting.
iii. Moderately susceptible to sulfate attack.
 Dicalcium Silicate (C2S):
I. Contributes to long-term strength development due to its slow and steady hydration.
II. Enhances durability by improving resistance to chemical attack and reducing early-age cracking.
III. Provides volume stability, reducing shrinkage and cracking
 Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A):
i. Responsible for early hydration reactions and setting behavior.
ii. Excessive C3A content can affect workability and lead to rapid setting.
iii. Generates a significant amount of heat, which can cause thermal cracking in mass concrete.
iv. Highly susceptible to sulfate attack, requiring additional measures for sulfate resistance.
 Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF):
i. Imparts the characteristic grayish color to cement and concrete.
ii. Participates in early hydration reactions, contributing to initial setting and hardening.
iii. Moderates the overall heat of hydration, reducing the risk of thermal cracking.
iv. Less susceptible to sulfate attack compared to C3A, improving overall sulfate resistance.
v. Contributes to long-term strength development through its hydration products.

16. Uses of Ordinary Portland Cement
 Concrete Production:
• Foundations, footings, and slabs
• Structural elements (beams, columns, walls)
• Pavements, sidewalks, curbs
• Precast concrete elements
• Concrete pipes and culverts
 Mortar and Grout:
• Bonding bricks, blocks, and masonry units
• Filling voids and providing structural integrity
 Stucco and Plaster:
• Durable exterior wall covering (stucco)
• Smooth interior wall finish (plaster)

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Uses of Ordinary Portland Cement
 Repair and Restoration:
• Patching concrete structures
• Filling cracks
• Restoring damaged masonry
 Specialty Cementitious Products:
• Self-leveling compounds
• Tile adhesives and grouts

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Advantages of
OPC
Advantages of Ordinary Portland Cement
a. It has great resistance to cracking and shrinkage but has less resistance to chemical
attacks.
b. Initial setting time of OPC is faster than PPC so it is recommended in projects where
props are to be removed early.
c. Curing period of OPC is less than PPC and curing cost reduces. Hence recommended
where curing cost prohibitive.

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Disadvantages
of OPC
Disadvantages of Ordinary Portland Cement
I. It cannot be used for mass concreting as it has high heat of hydration as compared to PPC.
II. The durability of concrete made using OPC is less than that of the concrete made using
PPC.
III. It produces comparatively less cohesive concrete than PPC, hence concrete pumping
becomes a little difficult.
IV. OPC has lower fineness, hence has higher permeability and as a result it has lower
durability.
V. OPC is costlier than PPC.

21. CONCLUSIONS
Portland cement is a complex product obtained from unprocessed common natural
materials: limestone and clay. Consequently, the characteristics of Portland cement
clinker may vary from one cement plant to another.
To limit the variations of the technological properties of Portland cement, acceptance
standards have been developed, but presently these standards are not satisfactory for
the whole concrete market.
Low w/c cements are increasingly used; these concretes are made using large
dosage of superplasticizers to disperse cement particles. It is therefore urgent for the
cement industry to produce a clinker that will facilitate the production of the low w/c
concretes that are more sustainable than normal-strength concretes.
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REFERENCES
1. Taylor, H. F. W. (1997). Cement chemistry (2nd ed.). Thomas Telford.
2. Hewlett, P. C. (Ed.). (2003). Lea's chemistry of cement and concrete (4th ed.). Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann.
3. Neville, A. M. (2011). Properties of concrete (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
4. Scrivener, K. L., Lothenbach, B., De Belie, N., Gruyaert, E., & Skibsted, J. Construction and
Building Materials (2023)
5. Bullard, J. W., Jennings, H. M., & Livingston, R. A. Cement and Concrete Composites (2020)
6. Bentz, D. P., Ferraris, C. F., & Snyder, K. A. Cement and Concrete Research (2022)
7. Kosmatka, S. H., Kerkhoff, B., & Panarese, W. C. (2002). Design and control of concrete mixtures
(14th ed.). Portland Cement Association.