IT infrastructure

1. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Chapter 15

2. WPAN and Wireless Networks
WWAN (3G,4G?)
Low throughput, short range
WLAN (Wi-Fi)
WPAN
WMAN (WiMax)
High throughput, short range
Low throughput, Long range

3. Wireless Personal Area Networks
A WPAN (wireless personal area network) is a
personal area network - a network for
interconnecting devices centered around an
individual person's workspace - in which the
connections are wireless. WPAN uses some
technology that permits communications in a very
short range (10 – 100 m).
Used Technologies
IEEE 802.15 Standards
Topics discussed in this section:

4. Wireless Personal Area Networks
ISM – Industrial, Scientific and Medical band)
• The only ISM band guaranteed to be available in
every country is the one at 2.4GHz (2.4–2.483 GHz).
• Free for anyone to use for almost any purpose.
• Employed by most wireless technologies, many
cordless phones and Bluetooth.
Unlicensed Spectrum for Wireless Networks

5. Wireless Personal Area Networks
1. Bluetooth
2. IrDA (Infrared)
3. Zigbee
4. UWB (Ultra Wideband )
5. RFID
6. NFC
WPAN Technologies

6. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth History
1998 – Its primary purpose is to be a wire replacement
technology in order to transfer voice and data.
1999 – Bluetooth 1.0 specification is introduced.
2003 – Bluetooth 1.2 Core Specification
2004 – Bluetooth 2.0 Core Specification + EDR
(Enhanced Data Rate).
2009 – Bluetooth 3.0 Core Specification + HS (High
Speed).

7. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth Technology
BT is a short-range wireless radio technology that
allows electronic devices to connect to one another.
BT ranges: 10 m, or 100 m.
Its popularity increases as consumers always look for
BT to be included in all products they buy.

8. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth Specifications
1. Bluetooth devices in a piconet share a common
communication channel, its capacity 1 Mbps (3 Mbps
or more in newer versions).
2. The frequency range is 2.4 GHz to 2.483 GHz.
3. A piconet has a master and up to seven slaves.

9. Wireless Personal Area Networks
PDAs &
Handheld
Devices
Modems
PC Accessories
(PC Dognles, Printers,
Serial Cable, Keyboard,
Mouse)
Personal Computers
(Notebook, Desktop, Tablet PC)
Headset/Hands-free
(Automotive Applications)
Mobile
Phones
Consumer
Devices
PAN Access Points
Bluetooth
Applications

10. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth Applications
 Keyboard, file transfer, handsfree (and
headset), etc…

11. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth Applications
Body weight
Peak flow
Blood analysis
Glucose
Oxygen saturation
EMG
Temperature
Heartbeats
Coagulation
ECG
Blood pressure
Activity

12. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Bluetooth Advantages
1. Bluetooth devices are wireless.
2. BT is inexpensive.
3. Bluetooth is Automatic.
4. Standardized Protocol = Interoperability
5. Low Interferences .
6. Low energy Consumption.
7. Share voice and data.

13. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Infrared
Infrared communication is achieved using
transmitters/Receivers (transceivers) that modulate
noncoherent infrared light.
Transceivers must be within the line of sight of each
other either directly or via reflection.
Infrared does not penetrate walls (+ advantages
security, and no interference problems).
No license required thus no frequency allocation issue.

14. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Infrared Transmission Techniques
Three transmission techniques:
1 – Directed Beam Infrared (point-to-point link).
2 – Ominidirectional (single base station that is within
line of sight of all other stations (typically, this
station is mounted on the ceiling). The base station
acts as a multiport repeater.
3 – Diffused (all of the IR transmitters are focused and
aimed at a point on a diffusely reflecting ceiling. IR
radiation striking the ceiling is reradiated
ominidirectional and picked up by all of the receivers
in the area.

15. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Infrared Waves
Infrared waves:
with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz
(wavelengths from 1mm to 770 nm).
We cannot use infrared outside a building because the
sun’s rays contain infrared waves that can interfere
with the communication.

16. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Infrared Applications
- The Infrared band, almost 400 THz. It can be used to
transmit digital data with a very high data rate.
- The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) sponsors the use
of infrared waves by setting standard for using these
signals for communication between devices such as
keyboards, mice, PCs, and printers.
- IrDA port may be present in a device
- The standard originally defines a data rate of 75 Kbps
for a distance up to 8m. The recent standard defines
a data rate of 4 Mbps.
- IrDA transmit through line of sight.

17. Wireless Personal Area Networks
ZigBee Technology
ZigBee is a standard for embedded application software that
has been approved in late 2004 under 802.15.4 wireless
networking standards.
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 is an established set of specifications
for wireless personal area networking (WPAN).
ZigBee addresses remote monitoring and controlling
applications.
Reference:
http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/zigbee/tutorial.php

18. Wireless Personal Area Networks
ZigBee Features
1 – Low power consumption (ranging from months up to
years on standard batteries ).
2- Maximum data rate 250 Kbps @ 2.4 GHz, 40 Kbps @ 915
MHz, and 20 Kbps @ 868 MHz .
3 – Needed for only two major modes (Tx/Rx or Sleep).
4 – High density of nodes per network.
5 – Low cost.
6 – Simple implementation.
7 – high reliability and Adequate security.
8 – Acceptable Latency (10 ms for PC, 100 ms for

19. Wireless Personal Area Networks
IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Stack Architecture

20. Wireless Personal Area Networks
1 - Network and Application Support layer
- APS sub-layer responsible for maintaining tables
that enable matching between two devices and
communication among them, discovery, identify other
devices that operate in the operating space of any
device.
- ZigBee define object is responsible of
determining the nature of the device (Coordinator /
FFD or RFD) in the network, commencing and
replying to binding requests and ensuring a secure
relationship between devices.
- The user-defined application refers to the end
device that conforms to the ZigBee Standard.

21. Wireless Personal Area Networks
2 - Media access control (MAC) layer
- permits use of several topologies without
introducing complexity and is meant to work with
large numbers of devices.
3 – Physical (PHY) layer
- accommodates high levels of integration
- enable cheaper implementations

22. Wireless Personal Area Networks
ZigBee Devices
1 – ZigBee Coordinator node (only one, act as a
router to other networks, it is designed to store
information about the network).
2 – The Full Function Device (intermediary router
transmitting data from other devices).
3 – The Reduced Function Device (it is just capable
to talk in the network).

23. Wireless Personal Area Networks
ZigBee Applications
1. Embedded in consumer electronics.
2. Home and building automation and security
systems.
3. Industrial controls.
4. PC peripherals.
5. Medical and industrial sensor applications.
6. Toys and games and similar applications.

24. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Comparison of Bluetooth and ZigBee
Bluetooth ZigBee
Transmission Scheme FHSS (Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum)
DHSS (Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum)
Modulation GFSK (Gaussian
Frequency Shift Keying)
QPSK (Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying) or BPSK
(Binary Phase Shift Keying)
Frequency Band 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz
Raw Data Bit Rate 1 Mbps 250 Kbps, 40 Kbps, or 20
Kbps (depends on
frequency band)
Power Output Maximum 100 mW, 2.5 mW,
or 1 mW, depending on
class
Maximum capability 0.5
mW; maximum as allowed
by local regulations
Network Topology Master-Slave
8 active nodes
Star or Peer-Peer
255 active nodes

25. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Ultra wideband Specifications
Ultra Wideband enables movement of massive files at
high data rates over short distance.
•High Data Rate (200Mbps within 10m).
•Extremely low transmission energy ( less than 1mW).
•Low cost.
•Extremely difficult to intercept

26. UWB

27. UWB Applications

28. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Ultra wideband Applications
1. Short-distance applications (PC Peripherals).
2. short-range indoor application
3. applications with high data rate requirement
(Wireless Monitors, Camcorders & Wireless
Printing).

29. Wireless Personal Area Networks
RFID Technology
RFID – Radio Frequency Identification
- The concept is that a query is sent out over a radio
wave and a subsequent reply is received.
- Its used in supply chain management (just-in-time
inventory, reducing theft and fraud, and improving
the type and quantity of product marketing
information).
- its also used in tracking systems.
- It was invented in 1948 and in commercial
applications since 1980.

30. Wireless Personal Area Networks
RFID Technology
RFID components:
- Tag (Passive tag, Active tag).
- Reader with antenna (Fixed or mobile)
- Communications protocol suite.
- Communications network
- Database.
Reference:
http://www.dataflows.com/RFID_Overview.shtml

31. Wireless Personal Area Networks
RFID Technology
Tag (Passive tag, Active tag):
- Tags can be either Class o (Read only) or Class 1
(Read/Write).
- Reader (or the active tag) initiates the
communication via a radio signal to enable the tag to
answer with a return radio signal carrying information
regarding the item.
- Electronic Product Code (EPC) is used to uniquely
identified an item.
- In the future there will be more information tracked
via EPC by using EPC Information Services (EPCIS).

32. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Example of transmitted information:
Current:
- This is where I originated: “manufacturing source”
- This is what I am “a specific pallet carrying boxes of paper
towels” or
- This is what I am “a specific box of paper towels”
Future:
- This is my rout tracking: “my mode of transportation, my
origination point, my arrival and departure time and location of
every stop along the way, and the time I arrived at this final
destination point”
- This is my purchase and restocking information: “I was
purchased by so and so, on this date and at this price, and now I
have left the building – please restock this item”

33. Wireless Personal Area Networks
RFID Technology
Reader with antenna:
- Reader has a distance range to query tag’s
information.
- Readers vary in their capabilities such as how many
tags a reader can capture within a specific time
period, filtering and communicating with a product
database.
- Number of readers and their placement in the
physical facility is a challenge.

34. Wireless Personal Area Networks
RFID Technology
Communications protocol suite :
- Physical Layer (describes the specific radio
frequencies and whether tags and reader are
communicating in half or full duplex mode).
- On data-link layer Slotted Aloha scheme is used.
- Application Level Events (ALE) standard defined to
support collection of event data coming from readers.
- Reader Protocol (RP) standard is defined to specify
how readers capture and communicate event data
from tags.
- Communications between readers and in-house
database are up to individual implementations.

35. Reader
Antenna
Tag on
Item, box or
pallet
Computer
RFID Basic Operation
1. Tag enters RF field of Reader
2. RF signal powers Tag
3. Tag transmits ID, plus data
4. Reader captures data
5. Reader sends data to computer
6. Computer send data to reader
7. Reader transmits data to tag

36. Wireless Personal Area Networks
Electric
Waves
Radio
Waves
Infra-red Visible
Light
Ultra-
Violet
X-Rays Gamma
Rays
Cosmic
Rays
9kH
z
30kH
z
300kH
z
3000kH
z
30MH
z
300MH
z
3000MH
z
30GH
z
300GH
z
3000GH
z
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF No
t
designate
d
Long
Wave
Medium
Wave
Short
Wave
VLF Very Low Frequency VHF Very High Frequency
LF Low Frequency UHF Ultra High Frequency
MF Medium Frequency SHF Super High Frequency
HF High Frequency EHF Extremely High Frequency
Radio Spectrum
125-134 kHz 13,56 Mhz
860-930
MHz
2,45 and 5,8 GHz
The “RFID”
Frequencies
Electromagnetic Spectrum

37. Wireless Personal Area Networks
NFC Technology
NFC – Near Field Communications
- NFC is a set of standards for smart-phones or
whatever to establish communication with each other
by bringing them into close together (0-5
centimetres).
- NFC operates at 13.56 MHz
- NFC rates ranging from 106 Kbps – 424 Kbps.
- NFC involves an initiator and a target.

38. Wireless Personal Area Networks
NFC Technology
There are two NFC operational modes:
1- Passive communication mode: The initiator
device provides a carrier fields and the target device
answers by modulating the existing field.
2- Active communication mode: Both initiator and
target device communicate by alternately generating
their own fields.

39. Wireless Personal Area Networks
NFC Technology
NFC & other wireless technologies

40. Wireless Personal Area Networks
NFC Technology
NFC use examples:
• Paying by mobile devices like cell phones
• Credit card integration into a mobile device
• Electronic ticketing for transport usage
• Personal electronic document
• Download of data from kiosks such as railway time table
• Flight and hotel booking
• Music and photos download from camera, cell phones,
multimedia readers
• Connections P2P (peer to peer) for an easy information
transmission between wireless devices.