To learn and contribute in the professionally challenging environment in a manner that certainly benefits for man kind and enhances my skills.

1. Chemical aspects of mutagens
Presented by
Muhammad Iqbal danish

2. Chemical mutation
• The interaction of certain environmental chemical compounds and
cell metabolism may result in genetic changes in DNA structure, affecting
one or more genes. These chemical induced mutations are known as
chemical mutagenesis.
Types of chemical mutation
1. Chemicals act on resting DNA
• Nitrous acid
• Alkylating agents
• NTG
• Nitrogen mustards
2. Base analogues
3. Interclating agents.

3. 1. Chemicals acting on resting DNA
• Chemicals act on non-dividing cells.
• It causes chemical modification of purine and pyramidine bases that alter
their hydrogen bonding.
a. Nitrous acid ( deaminating agents ):-
• It convert cytosine to uracil and forms hydrogen bond with adenine
rather than guanine.
 It causes mutation by adding 0.1 to 0.2M of sodium nitrate to suspension
of cells in an acid medium for various time.
• After suitable interval,acid can be neutralized by adding sodium
hydroxide.
• Subsequently cells are plated out.

5. b. Alkylating agents
• Compounds with one or more
alkyl groups can be transferred
to DNA or other molecules.
 Alkylating agents are :-
• EMS ( Ethyl methane sulphonate)
• EES ( ethyl thane sulphonate )
• DES (diethyl sulphonate).
 Cells are treated in solution of
1% concentration of alyklating
agents.
• Allowed to react from ¼ hour to
½ hour .
• After that plated out.

10. Uses of chemical mutagenesis
In microbiology
• Use of Chemical Mutagenesis to induce mutation in a
variety of microorganisms used for production of
antibiotics or enzymes.
• for the Isolation of overproducing Mutants of Food Grade
enzymes (e.g. β-Galactosidase).
• For the production of more competent and high yield
producing strains.
Use in cosmetics
• Like mineral oil, Sodium laureth and it's in our
toothpaste! Propylene glycol and it's found in shampoo,
spray deodorant and Talcum powder

11. In Biotechnology
• Use in plant breeding e.g. rice, bean, mulberry, to
improve crops.
• Use to increase genetic variation e.g. increased
seedling, stress tolerance, high yield.
In research
• Alter amino acids to test the function of a
promoter and domain of a protein.
• Studying the function of genes like using
transposons.
• to determine phenotype of organisms.

12. In food Industry
• Used as food additives during manufacturing of different
foods to increase shelf life and other organoleptic qualities of
food.(nitrous acid )
• Arcidine orange is a nucleic acid selective metachromatic stain
usefull for cell cycle determination.
• Ethidium bromide is used as DNA dye.
• Nitrogen mustard gas is first used in world war 1 as it cause
Large blisters on exposed skin.