Functional Boilogy

1. Plantandorgnelle 1
Name:
Muhammad BinNaseem
RollNumber:
F16-0358
Section:
A
Department:
Department ofAgricultural Sciences
University:
UniversityofHaripur
Email:

2. Plantandorgnelle 2
muhammadbinnaseem@gmail.com
Submitted To:-
RasheedAkber
Plant cell and organelle
Plants are eukaryotes, multicellular organisms that have membrane-bound
organelles. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have a membrane-
bound nucleus. A plant cell is different from other eukaryotic cells in that it
has a rigid cell wall, a central vacuole, plasma desmata, and plastids. Plant
cells take part in photosynthesis to convert sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide into glucose, oxygen, and water. Plants are producers that provide
food for themselves (making them autotrophs) and other organisms.
Parts
Cell Wall- smooth layer that provides DNA and protection from
osmotic swelling.
Cell (Plasma) Membrane- it is composed of a phospholipid lipid
bilayer (including polar hydrophilic heads facing outside and
hydrophobic tails facing each other inside) that makes it semipermeable
and thus capable of selectively allowing certain ions and molecules
in/out of the cell.

3. Plantandorgnelle 3
Cytoplasm- it consists of the jelly-like fluid in and around the
organelles.
Cytoskeleton- is made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and
microfilaments. It provides shape the shape of the cell and helps in
transporting materials in and out of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus (body/complex)- it is the site where membrane-bound
vesicles are packed with proteins and carbohydrates. These vesicles
will usually leave the cell through secretion.
Vacuole- stores metabolites and degrades and recycles
macromolecules.
Mitochondria- is responsible for cellular respiration by converting the
energy stored in glucose into ATP.
Ribosome- contain RNA and proteins for protein synthesis. One type is
embedded in Rough ER and another type puts proteins directly into the
cytosol.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (roughER)- covered with ribosomes,
it stores, separates, and transports materials through the cell. It also
produces proteins in cisternae, which then go to the Golgi apparatus or
insert into the cell membrane.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum It has no ribosomes embedded in its
surface. Lipids and proteins are produced and digested here. Smooth
ER buds off from rough ER to move newly-synthesized proteins and
lipids.The proteins and lipids are transported to the Golgi apparatus
(where they are made ready for export) and membranes.
Peroxisome- is involved in metabolizing certain fatty acids and
producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide.
Nuclear Membrane- The extension of the endoplasmic reticulum that
wraps around the nucleus. Its many gaps allow traffic in/out of the
nucleus.
Nucleus - it contains DNA in the form of chromosomes or chromatin
and controls protein synthesis.
Nucleolus - it is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis.

4. Plantandorgnelle 4
Centrosome- consisting of a dense center and radiating tubules, it
organizes the microtubules into a mitotic spindle during cell division.
Chloroplast- conducts photosynthesis and produces carbohydrates,
oxygen, and internally ATP and NADPH from captured light energy.
Starch Granule- temporarily stores produced carbohydrates from
photosynthesis. Depending on the organism, it can be inside or outside
of the chloroplast (if present)