The document summarizes education policies in Pakistan from 1947 to 2010. It discusses several national education conferences and policies that aimed to reform the education system by promoting Islamic values, universal primary education, literacy programs, and a focus on science and technical education. However, many of these policies failed to be properly implemented or achieved their objectives due to factors like lack of planning, funding, and political instability. The education system struggled to meet shifting priorities around access, quality, and ideological goals over several decades.

2. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
EDUCATION POLICIES (1947-2010) IN
PAKISTAN
Presented By: Muhammad Ansar ELMF1921
Lubna Munir ELMF 1911
M.Phil Education

3. EDUCATION POLICIES IN PAKISTAN
• National Education Conference: 1947
• National Commission on Education: 1959
• The New Education Policy: 1970
• The Education Policy: 1972-80
• National Education Policy and Implementation Programme: 1979
• National Education Policy: 1992
• National Education Policy: 1998-2010
• National Education Policy: 2009

4. FIRST EDUCATION CONFERENCE 1947
• The first National Education Conference was held at Karachi from
November 27th to December 1st 1947.
• First Education Conference was convened in 1947 in the supervision of
Quaid-e-Azam.

5. THE QUAID-E-AZAM, IN HIS MESSAGE TO
THE CONFERENCES SAID,
• “There is no doubt that the future of our State will and must greatly depend
upon the type of education we give to our children, and the way in which we
bring them up as future citizens of Pakistan. We should not forget that we
have to compete with the world which is moving very fast in this direction.”

6. NATIONAL EDUCATION CONFERENCE
(1947)
• Quaid’s message contained four major aspects;
(1) Education system should suit the genius of Pakistan.
(2) It should be consonant with our history and culture.
(3) It should inculcate high sense of honor and integrity.
(4) It should emphasis an science and technology.

7. NATIONAL EDUCATION CONFERENCE: 1947
• The first National Education Conference was held in 1947.
• The Chairman the Conference set up following Sub-Committees to
come up with the recommending guidelines in each sector:
a) Scientific Research and Technical Education Committee
b) Adult Education Committee
c) University Education Committee
d) Primary and Secondary Education Committee
e) University Education and Primary and Secondary Education
f) Women’s Education Committee

8. NATIONAL EDUCATION CONFERENCE: 1947
g) Committee for scheduled caste and backward classes education.
h) Cultural Relations Committee.
i) Joint meeting of the committees on the university. education, scientific
research and technical education and cultural contacts.
j) Joint meeting of the committees on University Education,
Women’s Education and Primary and Secondary Education .(Education in
Pakistan UNESCO 2007)
• The reports of various committees were submitted for finalization
on 29th November, 1947.
• The report was shared in November, 1947.

9. THE MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
CONFERENCE WERE:
• Education should be teamed with Islamic values.
• Free and compulsory education in Pakistan.
• Emphasis on science and technical education.

10. OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
CONFERENCE WERE:
• Base on Islamic ideology.
• Spread and develop Islamic rules.
• Teach compulsory national language Urdu.
• Regional languages could be language of instruction.
• Compulsory religious education.
• Minority can teach their religious education.
• Separate women medical college.
• Recommended institution for Islamic research.
• Science and industrial research council.

11. OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
CONFERENCE WERE: (CONTINUED……)
• Recommended technical educational council.
• Recommended inter university board.
• Recommended educational constitution board.
• English could included for short time.
• Five years are for basic education.
• Physical training in schools.
• Army education in colleges.
• Compulsory & free basic education.
• Focus on adult and women education.

12. IMPLEMENTATION:
• This policy could not be implemented properly due to increased
number of immigrants and other administrative problems of new
born country. So more or less British colonial system was
continued.

13. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON EDUCATION
(1959)
• The Commission was addressed by the Present of Pakistan, General
Muhammad Ayub Khan, on January 5, 1959.
• In this commission compulsory education of 10 years was made.
• Religious education be compulsory.
• Equal expansion for boys and girls education.

14. REPORT ON COMMISSION ON NATIONAL
EDUCATION, 1959
• The commission on national education is a beacon for educational
history of Pakistani culture of its thorough study of Pakistani culture
and need of the people.

15. ITS RECOMMENDATIONS WERE AS
FOLLOWS:
1. Character building.
2. Compulsory primary education.
3. Subject was bifurcated in core and additional subjects.
4. National language as medium of instruction.
5. Focus on science and technical education.
6. Examination system should be combination of internal (25%) and external
(75%) evaluation.
7. Elimination of illiteracy.
8. Religious education should be introduced in three stage i.e. compulsory at
middle level, optional at secondary level and research at university level.
9. Establishment of university grants commission.
10.Three-year degree program.

16. IMPLEMENTATION:
• Although it was an excellent policy, but it failed due to lack of
proper planning and implementation.
• The proposal of three-year degree program created unrest among
students and parents and this was withdrawn.

17. EDUCATION POLICY 26TH MARCH 1970
This policy has following salient features:
• Emphasis on ideological orientation.
• Emphasis on science and technology education.
• Decentralization of educational administration.
• Eradication of illiteracy.
• Formation of national education corps.

18. IMPLEMENTATION:
• This policy was not implemented due to change in
government.

19. THE EDUCATION POLICY:1972-1980
The 1972-1980 Education Policy was drafted in a somewhat matter of fact
tone and refrained from philosophical pronouncements.
Objectives:
• Policy aimed at “eradicating illiteracy within the shortest possible time
through universalization of elementary education and a massive adult
education programme.
• Equalizing access to education through provision of special facilities for
women.
• Under-privileged groups and mentally-retarded and physically-handicapped
children and adults in all areas in general and the backward areas in particular
will give preference.

20. THE EDUCATION POLICY: 1972-80
• Policy declared that education will be made free and universal up to class x
for all children throughout the country in both government and privately-
managed schools.
• Private schools will be suitably supported for the loss of fees incurred by
them.
• The earlier objective of compulsory education was discarded.
• The Policy proposed to construct 61,000 additional class-rooms for primary
classes, train 150,000 teachers, and recruit an additional 75,000 teachers
through the National Literacy Corps.

21. THE EDUCATION POLICY: 1972-80
• The 1972 Policy identified 40 million adult illiterates in the country and
declared that a massive literacy program will be undertaken in every
town.
• literacy centers will be established all over the country in schools,
factories, farms, union council halls and other community places.
• A target of establishing 276,000 literacy centers to educate 11 million
persons was fixed for the period 1972-80.
• The new Education Policy was finally adopted by the Cabinet on March
26, 1970.

22. IMPLEMENTATION
• This policy was a good approach towards betterment, but has many
drawbacks due to which it cannot be achieved thoroughly e.g.
universal basic education, shift towards agro technical studies etc.

23. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY AND
IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME: 1979
Salient features:
• The 1979 Education Policy was presented one year after the launching of the
Fifth Five Year Plan, with a change of target dates.
• The Fifth Plan proposed to enroll all boys of Class I age by 1982-83 and achieve
universal enrolment for the entire age group (5-9) by 1986-87
• the 1979 Policy proposed to achieve the same by 1987 and 1992, respectively..
• The Policy was presented as “the first in recognizing the great potentials of our
indigenous institutions and patronizing them for bringing about greater
educational development”.

24. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY AND
IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME: 1979
• The Policy aimed at providing a minimum acceptable level of functional
literacy and fundamental education to all citizens of the country
particularly the young, irrespective of their faith, caste, and creed in order
to enable them to participate productively in the total national effort.
• The Policy also provided for an elaborate adult education programme.
• The programme proposed to set up 10,000 adult literacy centers to be
sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Pakistan Television Centers,
IRDP markazes, Allama Iqbal Open University study centers, and social
welfare centers.

25. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY AND
IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME: 1979
• The possibility of a student volunteer corps, comprising bachelors and
master’s level students was also envisaged.
• It was claimed that the programme will raise literacy levels from 24
percent to 35 percent by 1983 and attain 100 percent literacy by 2010.”
• The 1981 population census results regarding the literacy status of the
country constituted an evaluation, without comment, of the educational
policies and plans over the three decades since independence in 1947.
• The Policy was announced in February 1979.

26. IMPLEMENTATION
• This policy was not implemented properly and failed
due to lack of planning and financial resources.

27. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY: 1992
• The socio-political milieu, among other factors, promoted to reshuffle
the priorities, restate the policy, revise the strategy, and re-examine the
fabric of education in Pakistan.
• A series of educational conferences were held in the Provinces which
were attended by a large number of educationists and educational
administrators from the primary to the university level.
• A National Conference was held at Islamabad in April, 1991 under the
chairmanship of the Federal Education Minister.
• A cross section of the society comprising scholars, writers, newspaper
editors, scientists, teachers and Lawyers participated and discussed
proposals for preparing the dynamics of the Education Policy.

28. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY: 1992
Key elements of the policy are:
1. Opening non-formal education to non-governmental organizations;
2. Achieving 100% literacy in selected districts;
3. Setting up model schools (male and female) in rural areas;
4. Introducing compulsory social service for students;
5. Using general schools as technical schools in the evening shift to
capture the drop-outs of general education.

29. IMPLEMENTATION
• This policy could not be implemented due to change in
political scenario of country.

30. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 1998-2010
• Major objectives of this policy were as follows;
1. To make the Quaranic principles and Islamic practices an integral part
of education system.
2. To achieve universal primary education.
3. To meet the basic educational needs of every individual.
4. To expand the basic education.
5. To ensure equal opportunity of higher education.
6. Laid emphasis on diversification.
7. To make curriculum development a continuous process.
8. To introduce in-service training programs for betterment of education.

31. SUGGESTIONS FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF
ABOVE GOALS WERE:
• Diversification of curriculum.
• Expansion and emphasis on technical and science
education.
• Upgrading the quality of Deeni Madaras.
• Teacher training programs both pre and in service.
• Introduction of idea of multiple text book.
• Development of National Testing Service.
• Introduction of comprehensive monitoring system.

32. EDUCATION SECTOR REFORM 2001-2005
• This originated from the policy of 1998-2010 and focuses on development
of human resources. The major thrust areas of ESR are as follows:
1. Promulgation of compulsory education.
2. Free text books.
3. Equal access to opportunities of learning.
4. Improving all aspects in quality education.
5. Introduction of new educational curricula.
6. Development of training learning resources and materials.
7. Offering incentives for private sector.
8. Introduction of computer course at all levels.
9. Strengthening of research in higher education.
10.Grant for affiliation of madarasas.

33. NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2009
Aim of Policy
• “Our education system must provide quality education to our
children and youth to enable them to realize their individual
potential and contribute to development of society and nation,
creating a sense of Pakistani, nationhood, the concepts of tolerance,
social justice, democracy, their regional and local culture and
history based on the basic ideology enunciated in the Constitution
of the Islamic Republic Pakistan.”

34. POLICY FEATURES
• Uniformity in Education.
• Globalization: Global demands, Sustainability, Social Cohesion.
• Bridging Public Private Gap.
• Overcoming Structural Division.
• Management and Planning Capacity: National Standards and
Certification Agency for Education.
• Management and Information System (EMIS).

35. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS
• Islamic Education.
• Early Childhood Education.
• Elementary Education: bring all children from 6 to 10 years in
elementary schools by 2015.
• Secondary and Higher Education.
• Literacy and Formal Education: 85% Literacy by 2015.
• Emergency Education.
• Improving Quality of Education: Curriculum Revision, Textbook
improvement.
• Improving Teacher Quality: Pre-service training and standardization
of qualifications.

36. TEACHER EDUCATION
• Bachelor's degree, with a B.Ed., for teaching at the
elementary level.
• A Master level for the secondary and higher secondary with
a B.Ed. shall be ensured by 2018.

37. CONCLUSIONS
• Over the 50 year period since independence, efforts to increase enrollment
and literacy have not been scarce.
• A final common feature of all policies, and schemes is that all of them
failed to achieve their objectives
• The shifting sands of educational priorities was not limited to enrollment
and literacy targets alone. The
• Basic approach to education also suffered sharp swings.
• All education policies in Pakistan shows that setting targets, bemoaning
the failure to achieve the same, and setting new targets with unqualified
optimism has been a continuing game policy makers have played add
nauseam and at great public expense over the last 63 years.