Global Positioning System is a system that determines the precise location of something on Earth by receiving data from satellites and other resources. http://slideshare.net/GPS.com

1. GPS & ArcGIS for mapping of
communicable diseases
MUBBRA AZAM (51)

2. Concept of GPS
GPS(Global Positioning System) is a system that
determines the precise location of something on
Earth by receiving data from satellites and other
resources.
Uses
 Used in cellular phone apps for directions to
specific locations.
 For tracking vehicles, packages and people.

3. Concept of GIS
GIS(Geographic Information Science) is a
computer system or software program designed
to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage
and present all types of spatial or geographical
data.
Uses
 Used to make maps electronically through
remote sensing (using GPS)
 Each piece of data is layered to make a
complete map.
 It allows you to view customizable
combinations of data layers in a dynamic tool.

4. Importance of GPS & GIS
GPS & GIS are important components to human
geography because of their contribution to
human map making . They also help with
navigation, travel and pinpointing specific
locations.
How GIS & GPS work together
GPS use satellites that orbit Earth to send
information to GPS receivers that are on the
ground which helps people find their location
while GIS is a software program that helps
people use the information that is collected from
the GPS satellites.

5. Role of GIS in Epidemiology
 GIS is used in public health for epidemiological studies
 GIS works by tracking sources of diseases & movement of contagions, agencies
can work more effectively to outbreaks of disease by identify at-risk population &
targeting intervention.
 Can be used to map geographical distribution of the prevalence of a disease,
trends of disease transmission, and spatially model the environmental aspects of
disease occurrence.
 GIS plays major role in health care, surveillance of infectious diseases and
mapping and monitoring of spatial and temporal distributions of vectors of
infection.

6. Components of GIS
1) Spatially referenced data Collected and
stored in a relational geo-database, i.e. an information system from which data can
be retrieved by formulation of sequences of logical queries
2) The hardware physically strong data & processing tools
3) Software assembling
the user-interface algorithms by which users access the database, query and
analyze the data
4) Methods, the algorithms and data management procedures
5) People, both producers and consumers of spatial data

8. How GIS works
 Mapping where things are
 Mapping quantities
 Mapping densities
 Finding what is inside
 Finding what is nearby
 Mapping change

9. Why ArcGIS is important?
 ArcGIS gives you everything you need to manage and extract
answers from imagery and remotely sensed data.
 It includes imagery tools and workflows for visualization and analysis, and
access to the world's largest imagery collection
 GIS also provides detailed information on disease forecasting, prediction
of outbreaks, identification of disease clusters or hotspot, creation of buffer
zones and to evaluate different strategies to prevent the spread of
infectious diseases.

10. Mapping the likelihood of foot&mouth
disease
 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most disease of animals from
economical point of view. The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an
Aphthovirus within the Picornaviridae family of viruses.
 It replicates extremely rapidly, is highly contagious, and can affect a wide range of
domestic and wild cloven-footed animals, which makes it one of the most
infectious diseases known in the animal kingdom.
 The climate of Mato Grosso do Sul is classified, as tropical-type Aw, with an
average temperature of 24.4°C in the warmest months (January and February)
and of 19.1°C in the coldest months (June and July). The average annual
precipitation is 1,470 mm: January is the wettest month, with an average of 243
mm of rain and 81% relative humidity, and August is the driest, with 40 mm of rain
and 60% relative humidity, on average.

12. Management Of Foot&Mouth Disease
 The key features that contribute to this include the virus’s ability to gain entry and
initiate infection through a variety of sites.
 The objective of this work was to apply fuzzy majority multicriteria group
decision-making to determine risk areas for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
introduction along the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The three criteria
considered to be most likely to affect the vulnerability to introduction of FMD,
according to experts’ opinions, were:
 The introduction of animals in the farm, the distance from the border, and the type
of property settlements.
 The resulting maps show a strong spatial heterogeneity in the risk of FMD
introduction.
 The used methodology brings out a new approach that can be helpful to policy
makers in the combat and eradication of FMD.

13. Mapping of Lumpy Skin Disease
 Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is caused by the virus of the same name and has major
economic impacts on cattle breeding. In Turkey, frequent cases of cattle LSD have
been reported over the last years.
 LSD signs were considered to be the consequence either of poisoning or a
hypersensitivity to insect bites. Same clinical signs were occurred in Botswana,
Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa between 1943 and 1945, where the
infectious nature of the disease was recognized in these outbreaks.
 The present study aimed to analyze potential risk factors for LSD and provide
information for controlling the spread of infectious diseases by a geographic information
system (GIS).
 The research included cross-sectional and retrospective studies with active disease
follow-up and semi-structured interviews (SSI) from August 2013 to December 2014 in
Turkey.
 Potential risk factors for LSD were evaluated based on environmental conditions and
provincial demographic and epidemiological data.

14. GIS In Vector Borne Diseases

15. Mapping of Lumpy Skin Disease
 Of the total of 562 observed animals, 27.22% and 2.67% of cattle were sick and
died due to LSD, respectively.
 The morbidity rate was 26.04% in mixed and 38.18% in local breeds. The animal-
level prevalence significantly differed among animals of different age, sex, and with
different vaccination status (P<0.05).
 It was more serious in younger animals and females and during drier weather
conditions.
 A trend of seasonality was observed in LSD occurrence. Significant risk factors
affecting the prevalence of LSD were proximity to the southern border of Turkey,
animal movements, and animal markets.
 In this process, geographical query, analysis, and thematic map production were
performed by GIS.

17. How remote sensing can be beneficially
used in disease monitoring & management?
 The use of remote sensing Geographical Information System (GIS) has
many applications in infectious surveillance systems because it provides
to the end users the ability to respond to an epidemic threat promptly
and effectively.

18. How GIS Used In Disease Control
 GIS aids outbreak response through
 Disseminating information about threats from emerging infectious diseases and the
agents that cause them.
 Enhancing decision support at all levels-local, regional, and national levels.
 GIS can aid in planning disease surveillance activities and reduce costs associated
with clinical and public health interventions by predicting outcomes before financial
commitments are made. GIS can also aid in prioritizing the allocation of resources.
 Disease surveillance activities are focused on monitoring populations with a high
incidence of disease, detecting outbreaks of diseases with the potential to cause
epidemics, or measuring the success of eradication programs for endemic
diseases

19. How GIS Used In Disease Control
 GIS can aid in planning disease surveillance activities and reduce costs
associated with clinical and public health interventions by predicting
outcomes before financial commitments are made. GIS can also aid in
prioritizing the allocation of resources.