The document discusses photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their components and types. It describes the balance of system components that support the PV panels, such as wiring, inverters, and mounting systems. It outlines two main types of PV systems - off-grid systems that include batteries and backup generators, and grid-tied systems connected to the electricity network. Grid-tied systems can use net metering to sell excess power back to the grid. The document also discusses feeding power directly to loads or indirectly via net metering, and provides a diagram of a typical grid-connected PV system.

1. PART 2:
PHOTOVOLTA
IC SYSTEM
12/27/2022
PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

2. SOLAR TERM : CELL, MODULE, PANEL,
ARRAY
Solar
String
Module/Pane
l
12/27/2022
PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

3. SOLAR TERM: BALANCE OF SYSTEM
• The balance of system or BOS encompasses all
components of a photovoltaic system other than
the photovoltaic panels.
• Wiring
• Disconnect Switches
• Mounting System
• Inverter
• Solar Generation Meter
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PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

4. SOLAR TERM: BALANCE OF SYSTEM
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5. SOLAR TERM: SYSTEM COSTS
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6. SOLAR TERM: INTERCONNECTION
• The technical and procedural
requirements necessary to
connect PV system to the
electricity grid.
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7. ENERGY TERM: BASE LOAD & PEAKING POWER
• Electrical power demand rises
and falls during the course of a
typical day.
• Base load power - the minimum
amount of electricity used on
the grid.
• Peaking power - the maximum
amount of electricity used both
anticipated and unanticipated.
12/27/2022
PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

8. SOLAR TERM: NET METERING
• Net metering allows for the
delivery of excess electricity
generated back to the utility
grid for use elsewhere. This
offsets electricity provided by
the utility to the customer
during the billing period.
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PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

9. SOLAR TERM: FEED-IN TARIFF (FIT)
Malaysia's Feed-in Tariff (FiT)
system obliges Distribution
Licensees (DLs) to buy from Feed-
in Approval Holders (FIAHs) the
electricity produced from
renewable resources (renewable
energy) and sets the FiT rate. The
DLs will pay for renewable energy
supplied to the electricity grid for
a specific duration
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PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

10. PV SYSTEM : 2 TYPES
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PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

11. PV SYSTEM : 2 TYPES
1. SOLAR PV OFF-GRID SYSTEM
• The Off-Grid PV System
incorporates large amounts
of battery storage to provide
power when sun is not
available.
• The array of solar panels
must be large enough to
power all energy needs and
recharge the batteries at the
same time.
• A diesel generator for
backup power.
12/27/2022
PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

12. PV SYSTEM : OFF-GRID SYSTEM
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PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN

13. PV SYSTEM : 2 TYPES
2. SOLAR PV GRID-TIED SYSTEM
• No batteries to store excess
power generated
• Net-metering energy scheme
• DC generated by the PV
panels is converted into AC
power by the inverter.
• Output from the inverter is
connected to your existing
distribution panel that feeds
the rest of your site.
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14. PV SYSTEM : GRID-CONNECTED
Centralised
Generation
Distributed
Generation
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15. PV SYSTEM : HYBRID
2B. GRID-TIE SOLAR PV HYBRID SYSTEM
• PV system incorporates one or more
special AC circuits that are not directly
connected to the electric grid like the rest
of the building, but are always powered
through the inverter.
• These circuits may power any devices the
owner deems essential.
• The "dual function" inverter can supply
the utility grid with any excess power
produced by the system like the "grid-tie"
inverter, plus the inverter works with the
PV modules and battery bank (through
the charge controller) to provide AC
power to the backup circuits when the
grid is down.
• The charge controller manages the
battery voltage, keeping them fully
charged when the grid is live, and
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16. PV SYSTEM : TYPES OF FEEDING POWER
•There are 2 types;
• Direct feeding
• Indirect feeding (Net metering system)
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17. PV SYSTEM : DIRECT FEEDING
Domestic system Industrial system
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18. PV SYSTEM : INDIRECT FEEDING
NEM & FIT system
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19. PV SYSTEM : GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM
A typical single-phase grid-connected PV system based on
MS1837 12/27/2022
PREPARED BY : JA'AFAR BIN ADNAN