Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 6.1 - Introduction to offgrid PV
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This document discusses off-grid photovoltaic systems. It explains that off-grid systems are designed for self-consumption and require electricity storage like batteries. The objective is to meet demand on any day of the year, so the design focuses on maximizing production during the worst month. Module tilt is set based on the location to optimize winter performance. Backup systems are often used for the worst days. Tables show monthly solar irradiance data for two locations to illustrate their winter production differences.
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Photovoltaic Training Course - Module 6.1 - Introduction to offgrid PV
- 1. Photovoltaic Systems Training Off‐grid installations INTRODUCTION TO OFF-GRID www.leonardo-energy.org
- 2. PV modules PV regulator Inverter DC Consumption AC Consumption www.leonardo-energy.org Basic topology
- 3. Differences to a grid-connected system • Designed for self-consumption • Inverters with capacity “to create a grid” • Electricity storage is required with: • Regulator / charger • Batteries Facilities with DC consumption and output power below 2kW may require modules with particular characteristics: • If consumption is DC 12 V, modules of 18 V • If consumption is DC 24 V, modules of 30-32 V Non-standard modules are more expensive. It is possible to avoid them by using regulators with power maximizers. But, only for powers over 2 kW www.leonardo-energy.org
- 4. Introduction “Winter production maximization” vs. “Annual production maximization” In grid-connected facilities, the objective is to obtain the maximum annual profitability from the installation. In stand-alone facilities, the objective is to meet the demand on any day of the year. Therefore, Design focuses on the worst day of the year Module-tilt is set to maximize production during the worst month of the year Note: Back-up systems are often used for the worst days of the year Sofia, Bulgaria Madrid, Spain Ed (32º) Ed (61º) Ed (34º) Ed (60º) Jan 1,65 1,79 2,66 2,96 Feb 2,25 2,34 3,05 3,19 Mar 2,75 2,63 4,32 4,23 Apr 3,42 3,01 4,1 3,63 May 3,61 2,95 4,63 3,75 Jun 3,79 2,97 4,78 3,69 Jul 4,06 3,23 4,91 3,85 Aug 3,95 3,37 4,79 4,08 Sep 3,48 3,28 4,38 4,14 Oct 2,68 2,74 3,54 3,63 Nov 1,71 1,84 2,66 2,9 Dec 1,3 1,41 2,15 2,39 Total year 1050 960 1400 1290 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sofia, Bulgaria (32º) Sofia, Bulgaria (61º) Madrid, España (34º) Madrid, España (60º)
Editor's Notes
- This basic diagram shows you the main elements in an offgrid facility. The PV modules are the same as in grid-connected facilities but there are two new devices: a PV regulator and a battery. We will study what they are used for in the next slides. Then there is a special type of inverter and two different types of consumption, direct current and alternating current consumption. More on that later.
- There are three concepts to keep in mind when comparing standalone to grid-connected PV facilities: In standalone, energy storage is required to to ensure energy supply 24/7. Therefore a battery with a regulator or battery charger, depending on the type of installation, must be included. Second, the inverters must have the capacity to create a grid on their own, as they are not connected to any existing stable grid. And, finally, where the required consumption is less than 2 kW modules with special characteristics may be required. In these types of installation 12-volt DC modules are used that in fact produce a voltage of 18 volts. Normally, modules produce a voltage of 30 to 32 volts. Because the lower voltage modules are less common, they are more expensive but there may be some cost savings if regulators with power maximisers are not required. Module manufacturers may provide advice on what is most profitable for a particular project.
- For off-grid installations the main concern is to provide energy across the whole year. Grid-connected facilities are designed to maximize production over the whole year with minimum investment. Off-grid facilities, on the other hand, are designed to produce sufficient energy to match consumption on the worst day of the year. It may be advisable to add additional generation capacity, such as a back-up diesel generator, but even so, consumption needs on the worst day of the year is still the basic measure. In the table on this slide, you can see that the worst month of the year in Madrid would be December, with a production of 2.15kwh per day. But by choosing a different field production can be optimized during this month to get 2.4kWh per day. Even if that means an over-supply over most of the year, it still might be of interest to us.