SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 30
BY
dr: Mohammed Bahgat Mohammed Sofyan
Assistant lecturer of medical biochemistry,
Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar university
(Assiut branch)
1
‫كريم‬ ‫رمضان‬
2
‫يارمضان‬ ‫أهال‬
3
‫صورة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬ ‫اضغط‬
‫الشاش‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫في‬
‫ة‬
‫قنواتنا‬ ‫على‬ ‫وادعمنا‬
‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫على‬
5
6
 2acetyle COA ➡acetoacetyl COA ➡ HMG
COA ➡ acetoacetate ➡ either acetone
spontaneously or B Hroxy butyrate by B
Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
Site of ketogenesis ➡It's Occurs in
mitochondria of the liver only.
7
KETOLYSIS ➡BREAKDOWN OF KETONE BODIES.
ACETOACETATE ➡ ACETYL COA ➡ENTERS CREB'S CYCLE ➡GIVES ENERGY.
Site of ketolysis ➡It occurs in
mitochondria of the Extrahepatic
tissues
Ketosis is an imbalance between
ketogenesis and ketolysis. Increased
ketogenesis rather than ketolysis
8
‫ال‬ ‫بيستخدم‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬
FA
‫إلي‬ ‫ويكسرها‬
acetyle COA
‫ال‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫ثم‬
Acetyle COA
‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫في‬
Creb's cycle
‫أيضا‬ ‫ويحدث‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫في‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويحصل‬
‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫تفضل‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫ولكن‬ ،‫الخاليا‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫في‬
ketone body
‫ال‬ ‫وليس‬
FA
‫تكسر‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫يعني‬
FA
‫إلي‬
acetyle COA
‫ال‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫ودي‬
Acetyle
COA
‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫في‬
Creb's cycle
‫يحصل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫طب‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫الموضوع‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويحصل‬
...
‫الكبد‬
‫ل‬ ‫يكسرها‬
acetyle COA
‫اتنين‬ ‫ويجمع‬
acetyle COA
‫ويكون‬
acetoacetate and it gives acetone spontaneously or B hydroxy butrate by B hydroxy butrate
dehydrogenase
‫عملت‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بعد‬
ketone bodies
‫دول‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫هما‬ ‫اللي‬
1_ acetoacetate
2_ acetone
3_ B hydroxy butrate
‫لل‬ ‫أبعتهم‬
Extrahepatic tissue
‫ل‬ ‫ترجعهم‬
acetyle COA
‫في‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫وتدخلهم‬
Creb's cycle
‫ويبقي‬
‫ال‬ ‫كسرت‬ ‫كده‬
FA
‫الكبد‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫والنصف‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫في‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫األولي‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫نصف‬ ‫مرحلتين‬ ‫علي‬
‫ال‬ ‫إن‬ ‫كده‬ ‫من‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫الموضوع‬
brain
‫ال‬ ‫تكسير‬ ‫يستطيع‬ ‫ال‬
FA
‫علي‬ ‫الوحيد‬ ‫واعتماده‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫وانتاج‬
‫ال‬
.
Ketone body
‫المجاعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السكر‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫زي‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫فقد‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬
. 9
F.A. OXIDATION CREB’S CYCLE
10
11
FUNCTIO OF KETON BODY
1_ Brain tissue can oxidize ketone body after 5_6
days of fasting and never oxidize FA.
2_ Ketone body formation is a preparatory step that
occurs in the liver for complete oxidation of FA by
Extrahepatic tissues. ‫الكبد‬ ‫في‬ ‫بتحصل‬ ‫محطة‬
(
‫ال‬ ‫تحويل‬
FA
‫إلي‬
acetyle COA
‫إلي‬ ‫وتحويلها‬
ketone body
)
‫ثم‬
‫الكبد‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الخطوة‬
(
‫ال‬ ‫تكسير‬
ketone body
‫إلي‬
acetyle COA
‫في‬ ‫وأكسدته‬
Creb's cycle
)
3_ It also reduces the need for gluconeogenesis
and the breakdown of the tissue proteins.
12
KETOGENESIS AND KETOLYSIS
OCCURS IN FASTING
‫شوية‬ ‫بيتكون‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫في‬
ketone body
‫ماشي‬ ‫والموضوع‬ ‫تكسيرهم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ثم‬
.
#
‫ل‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫كمية‬
ketolysis
‫اتكون‬ ‫لو‬ ‫يعني‬
ketone body
‫يكسره‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليل‬ ‫وفيه‬
ketolysis
‫الجلو‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقليل‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫إمداد‬ ‫علي‬ ‫تساعد‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫إنه‬ ‫المعلومة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫مهمة‬
‫اللي‬ ‫كوز‬
‫قليل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫نحصل‬ ‫منه‬
‫من‬
oxaloacetate
‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ونشغل‬
Acetyle COA
‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫ناتج‬ ‫اللي‬
ketolysis
‫ال‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫نضمن‬ ‫علشان‬ ‫ولهذا‬
ketolysis
‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫ومعاه‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫ولو‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الزم‬
‫اللي‬
‫بال‬ ‫هيمدنا‬
oxaloacetate
.
13
1
_
‫مرضي‬ ‫زي‬ ‫إنسولين‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫وال‬ ‫عندوش‬ ‫ما‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫لو‬ ‫رأيكم‬ ‫إيه‬ ‫طب‬
type I DM
‫هيحصل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫ايه‬
‫ال‬ ‫هيتكون‬
ketone body
‫فيحصل‬ ‫هيتكسر‬ ‫مش‬ ‫بس‬
ketosis
2
_
‫أكسر‬ ،‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫منه‬ ‫أحصل‬ ‫جلوكوز‬ ‫القي‬ ‫مش‬ ‫جامدة‬ ‫مجاعة‬ ‫في‬ ‫دخل‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫لو‬ ‫رأيكم‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫طب‬
FA
‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫منه‬ ‫واحصل‬
Very Low glucose ➡ lipolysis ➡⬆ free FA ➡⬆fatty acids oxidation ➡
acetyle COA ➡ ketone body formation
‫اتكون‬ ‫هنا‬
acetyle COA
‫يوجد‬ ‫وال‬
oxaloacetate
‫فخرج‬ ‫والمجاعة‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫علشان‬
acetyle COA
‫مش‬ ‫لألسف‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫كثير‬
‫عامل‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫يخش‬ ‫عارف‬
Ketone body formation
No glucose ➡No glycolysis ➡ NO Oxaloacetate ➡ No Creb's cycle
➡Acetyle COA directed to form Keton synthesis.
‫يحصل‬ ‫ممكن‬
ketolysis
‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫هيبقي‬ ‫بس‬
ketogenesis
14
TO PREVENT
KETON BODY
FORMATION
‫هتمد‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫للخاليا‬ ‫بالجلوكوز‬ ‫مد‬ ‫باستمرار‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الزم‬
‫بال‬ ‫ني‬
oxaloacetate
،
‫الخال‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫واالنسولين‬
‫يا‬
‫يت‬ ‫وال‬ ،‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويحصل‬ ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫وبالتالي‬
‫م‬
‫عمل‬
Ketone body formation
‫انسولين‬ ‫مفيش‬ ‫او‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫استهالكه‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫قل‬ ‫لو‬
‫دهون‬ ‫تكسير‬ ‫سيتم‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫خالص‬
FA
‫على‬ ‫للحصول‬
‫بسببها‬ ‫بينتج‬ ‫واللي‬ ‫الطاقة‬
Ketone body in blood.
15
CAUSES OF KETONEMIA & KETONURIA
A_ Decreased availability of carbohydrates as starvation or
frequent vomiting.
B_ Decreased used of carbohydrates as DM Type I and type II with
stress conditions, Glycogen storage disease, Alkalosis.
C_ Increased metabolic needs as fever, pregnancy, severe
thyrotoxicosis, and protein-calorie malnutrition.
16
CAUSES OF KETONEMIA &
KETONURIA
17
Rothera test
‫الكالم‬
‫ده‬
‫بنقيسه‬
‫في‬
‫المعمل‬
‫أو‬
‫حتي‬
‫في‬
‫شرائط‬
‫البول‬
‫بتحليل‬
‫يسمي‬
Rothera test
‫ال‬ ‫إن‬ ‫عمله‬ ‫وفكرة‬
ketone body
‫مع‬ ‫تتحد‬
Na nitroprusside
‫اللي‬
‫هو‬
‫من‬
‫مكونات‬
‫ال‬
Rothera test
‫في‬
‫وسط‬
alkaline
‫وتعطي‬
purple
coloure ring
18
ROTHERA TEST
Principle
In an alkaline medium, acetoacetic
acid will react with sodium
nitroprusside to form a purple
colour.
19
1_ Take 5 ml of urine in a test tube.
2_ Saturate it with powdered ammonium sulphate.
3_ Add 1 ml of 5% sodium nitroprusside. Mix thoroughly.
4_ Now add 1 ml concentrated aqueous ammonia carefully along the side
of the test tube without shaking.
‫النتيجة‬
A reddish-brown ring develops at the interface of the two liquids indicating
the presence of ketone bodies in the test urine.
‫علي‬ ‫سلفات‬ ‫أمونيوم‬ ‫بدرة‬ ‫تضع‬ ‫يعني‬
5
‫من‬ ‫نقاط‬ ‫بضع‬ ‫نضع‬ ،‫تشبع‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫حتي‬ ‫بول‬ ‫مل‬
Na
nitroprusside
‫ثم‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫علي‬
‫سيظهر‬ ‫األنبوبة‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المائي‬ ‫األمونيا‬ ‫نضع‬
purple ring
‫لو‬
‫فيها‬ ‫البول‬ ‫عينة‬
ketone bodies
‫والبنشيل‬ ‫بنحط‬ ‫وال‬ ‫احنا‬ ‫البول‬ ‫شريط‬ ‫في‬ ‫بيحصل‬ ‫ده‬ ‫كل‬ ‫البول‬ ‫شريط‬ ‫في‬ ‫المعمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫طبعا‬
.
20
21
FALSE-POSITIVE TESTS CAN OCCUR IN
The presence of L-dopa in urine and phenylketonuria.
The antihypertensive drugs methyldopa and captopril.
22
CLINICAL POINT
Rothera test is sensitive to acetoacetate 10 times
more than acetone and not sensitive to B
hydroxybutyrate , This may produce a paradoxical
situation
FA ➡ acetyle COA ➡ acetoacetate ➡ B
hydroxybutyrate
23
‫عندي‬ ‫أنا‬ ‫لو‬
severe ketoacidosis
‫دمي‬ ‫في‬ ‫هيبقي‬
H
‫يعني‬ ‫كتير‬
NADH+H
‫إلى‬ ‫يتحول‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫كتير‬
NAD
‫ال‬ ‫معاه‬ ‫ويتحول‬
acetoacetate
‫إلي‬
B
hydroxybutyrate
‫إن‬ ‫عارفين‬ ‫وانتوا‬
test not sensitive to B hydroxy butrate
‫هيظهر‬
weak positive
‫ال‬ ‫هتتحسن‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫أعالج‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫طب‬
H
‫ال‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫هتقل‬
NAD
‫مايالقيش‬
H
‫يتحول‬ ‫يقوم‬
‫ال‬
NADH+H
‫ال‬ ‫ويتحول‬
B hydroxybutyrate
‫ل‬
acetoacetate
‫اللي‬
test sensitive to it
‫فيعطي‬
strong positive
‫بال‬ ‫هيتابع‬ ‫لو‬ ‫فالدكتور‬
ketone body
‫ال‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫يقول‬
ketone body
‫األول‬ ‫في‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫وال‬ ‫بيعلي‬ ‫بعالج‬ ‫ما‬ ‫كل‬
‫العالج‬ ‫قبل‬
+
‫بقي‬ ‫العالج‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫لما‬
+++
‫إيه؟‬ ‫في‬
‫الصحيح‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫في‬ ‫ماشي‬ ‫كدا‬ ‫والعالج‬ ‫قلتلك‬ ‫ما‬ ‫زي‬ ‫الموضوع‬ ‫ال‬
.
24
PARADOXICAL SITUATION
When a patient initially presents in ketoacidosis, the test for
ketones may be only weakly positive.
With therapy B-hydroxybutyrate is converted to acetoacetate
and the ketosis appears to worsen.
Note that: The strip test detects acetoacetate only.
25
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
pH ➡low
HCO3 ➡ low
PCO2 ➡low
K ➡ Hyperkalaemia
AG ➡high
Urine ➡acidic.
‫في‬ ‫يخش‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫ده‬ ‫المريض‬
Irritability, coma,...... death.
26
REFERENCES
• _ https://labtestsonline.org
• _ https://www.medscape.com
• _ https://www.wikipedia.org
• _ https ps://www.labcorp.com
• _ https://www.uptodate.com
• _ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Home - PubMed – NCBI
• _TIETZ textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, sixth edition 2018.
• _Essential of clinical pathology book; 1st edition; Shirish M Kawthalkar; 2010.
• _Essential of biochemistry book ;1st edition; 2012.
• _ Harper's illustrated biochemistry 30th edition 2015.
• _ Lippincott's illustrated review of biochemistry sixth edition 2014.
• _ Lecturea Notes Clinical Biochemistry, 9th Edition Walker, Simon, 2103.
• _Many audios and videos from Well-known, trusted professors who study from accredited
books.
• _ Clinical chemistry from principles to practice 2nd Edition dr Ola H. Demerdash, second edition
27
‫اليوتيوب‬ ‫علي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اليوتيوب‬ ‫علي‬ ‫قناتي‬ ‫دي‬
‫د‬ ‫باسم‬
.
‫سفيان‬ ‫بهجت‬ ‫محمد‬
،
‫هللا‬ ‫شاء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫نستمر‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫بالقناة‬ ‫وتشتركوا‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ياريت‬
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaYs1d8s0ntZvteHS3mMmGA
‫ب‬ ‫الفيس‬ ‫في‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫انضمامكم‬ ‫يشرفنا‬ ‫الفيسبوك‬ ‫علي‬ ‫بتاعتي‬ ‫الصفحة‬ ‫دي‬
DMBMS2018
،
‫هللا‬ ‫شاء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫نستمر‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ياريت‬
https://www.facebook.com/DMBMS2018/
‫باسم‬ ‫التلجرام‬ ‫علي‬ ‫قناتي‬ ‫ودي‬
ِ ‫للناس‬ ‫أنفعهم‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫خير‬
📚
‫هللا‬ ‫شاء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫نستمر‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ِريت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬
https://t.me/DMBMS2020
‫على‬ ‫بروفايلي‬
‫لينكيدإن‬
‫وتعملولي‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ياريت‬
endorsement
‫مهاراتي‬ ‫على‬
https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohammed-bahgat-sofyan-8ba012142/
‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫بروفايلي‬ ‫وده‬
SlideShare
‫تتابعونا‬ ‫ياريت‬
https://www.slideshare.net/MohammedBahgatMohamm1
‫وده‬
‫بروفايلي‬
‫الشخصي‬
‫الفيسبوك‬ ‫علي‬
https://www.facebook.com/mohammed.bahgat.165
‫الفيسبوك‬ ‫على‬ ‫بنا‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫اللوجوا‬ ‫وده‬
#
‫دمحمد‬
_
‫بهجت‬
_
‫سفيان‬
_
medical_biochimestry 28
My logo
#
‫دمحمد‬
_
‫بهجت‬
_
‫سفيان‬
_
medical_biochimestry
29
THANK YOU
Meet on the
best later, God
willing
30

More Related Content

What's hot

blood plasma protein
blood plasma proteinblood plasma protein
blood plasma proteinDalhatu Saidu
 
Bilirubin estimation
Bilirubin estimationBilirubin estimation
Bilirubin estimationSanaSamadKhan
 
What is delta bilirubin?
What is delta bilirubin?What is delta bilirubin?
What is delta bilirubin?KETAN VAGHOLKAR
 
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag YadavHemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag YadavDr Anurag Yadav
 
Major extra and intra-cellular electrolytes
Major extra  and intra-cellular electrolytesMajor extra  and intra-cellular electrolytes
Major extra and intra-cellular electrolytesNIDHI GUPTA
 
Estimation of serum total protein
Estimation of serum total proteinEstimation of serum total protein
Estimation of serum total proteinssuser9de5d6
 
Liver function tests
Liver function testsLiver function tests
Liver function testsAbhra Ghosh
 
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin Ratio
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin RatioSerum Protein and Albumin-Globulin Ratio
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin RatioASHIKH SEETHY
 
Clinical chemistry - Protein & Amino Acid Quiz
Clinical chemistry -  Protein & Amino Acid QuizClinical chemistry -  Protein & Amino Acid Quiz
Clinical chemistry - Protein & Amino Acid Quizmltmedlab
 
Cholesterol practical pdf
Cholesterol practical pdfCholesterol practical pdf
Cholesterol practical pdfbinaya tamang
 

What's hot (20)

Bilirubin
BilirubinBilirubin
Bilirubin
 
blood plasma protein
blood plasma proteinblood plasma protein
blood plasma protein
 
Bilirubin estimation
Bilirubin estimationBilirubin estimation
Bilirubin estimation
 
What is delta bilirubin?
What is delta bilirubin?What is delta bilirubin?
What is delta bilirubin?
 
plasma proteins
plasma proteinsplasma proteins
plasma proteins
 
Jaundice
JaundiceJaundice
Jaundice
 
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag YadavHemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
Hemoglobin structure and metabolism by Dr. Anurag Yadav
 
Major extra and intra-cellular electrolytes
Major extra  and intra-cellular electrolytesMajor extra  and intra-cellular electrolytes
Major extra and intra-cellular electrolytes
 
Bilirubin prc
Bilirubin prcBilirubin prc
Bilirubin prc
 
Estimation of serum total protein
Estimation of serum total proteinEstimation of serum total protein
Estimation of serum total protein
 
going to linked in
going to linked ingoing to linked in
going to linked in
 
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
 
Liver function tests
Liver function testsLiver function tests
Liver function tests
 
Plasma proteins
Plasma proteinsPlasma proteins
Plasma proteins
 
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin Ratio
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin RatioSerum Protein and Albumin-Globulin Ratio
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin Ratio
 
Clinical chemistry - Protein & Amino Acid Quiz
Clinical chemistry -  Protein & Amino Acid QuizClinical chemistry -  Protein & Amino Acid Quiz
Clinical chemistry - Protein & Amino Acid Quiz
 
Cholesterol practical pdf
Cholesterol practical pdfCholesterol practical pdf
Cholesterol practical pdf
 
Plasma proteins
Plasma proteins Plasma proteins
Plasma proteins
 
Plasma proteins.
Plasma proteins.Plasma proteins.
Plasma proteins.
 
Shk biochemical tests
Shk   biochemical testsShk   biochemical tests
Shk biochemical tests
 

Similar to Ketonuria

KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptxKETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
 
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?Nazmul hasan Foehad
 
Ketone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptx
Ketone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptxKetone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptx
Ketone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptxKrushikKalavadiya1
 
Learn Ketone Bodies.
Learn Ketone Bodies.Learn Ketone Bodies.
Learn Ketone Bodies.Bharath Raj
 
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptx
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxDigestion and absorption of Lipids.pptx
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxjaswant kaur
 
Gluconeogenesis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesisbuddhi271
 
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodies
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodiesFatty acid oxidation & ketone bodies
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodiesDr.M.Prasad Naidu
 
Beta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptx
Beta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptxBeta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptx
Beta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptxPOONAM PATIL
 
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdfCarbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdfEmmanuelSimonMarino
 
Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...
Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...
Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...banafsheh61
 
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptxlipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptxChevallaMaheshwari
 
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptxlipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptxChevallaMaheshwari
 

Similar to Ketonuria (20)

KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptxKETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
KETONE BODY METABOLISM. FOR MBBS, BDS, LABORATORY MEDICINE pptx
 
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
What are Ketone Bodies,Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
 
Ketone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptx
Ketone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptxKetone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptx
Ketone Bodies Synthesis and Degradation.pptx
 
bio%20lecture.pptx
bio%20lecture.pptxbio%20lecture.pptx
bio%20lecture.pptx
 
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodiesKetone bodies
Ketone bodies
 
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodiesKetone bodies
Ketone bodies
 
Ketonebodies2014
Ketonebodies2014Ketonebodies2014
Ketonebodies2014
 
Ketone body metabolism
Ketone body metabolismKetone body metabolism
Ketone body metabolism
 
Ketogenesis
Ketogenesis Ketogenesis
Ketogenesis
 
Learn Ketone Bodies.
Learn Ketone Bodies.Learn Ketone Bodies.
Learn Ketone Bodies.
 
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptx
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxDigestion and absorption of Lipids.pptx
Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptx
 
Gluconeogenesis
GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
 
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodies
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodiesFatty acid oxidation & ketone bodies
Fatty acid oxidation & ketone bodies
 
Beta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptx
Beta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptxBeta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptx
Beta Oxidation of Saturated Fatty acids.pptx
 
Ketone Bodies.pptx
Ketone Bodies.pptxKetone Bodies.pptx
Ketone Bodies.pptx
 
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdfCarbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
Carbohydrate & lipid Metabolism_food Sci.pdf
 
Cholesterol metabolism
Cholesterol metabolismCholesterol metabolism
Cholesterol metabolism
 
Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...
Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...
Nutritional ketosis condition and specific ketogenic diet, may benefit cancer...
 
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptxlipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
 
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptxlipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
lipid_metabolism_by_bk_sir[1].pptx
 

More from Mohammed Bahgat Mohammed Sofyan (16)

الإيمان بالله جل وعلا.pptx
الإيمان بالله  جل وعلا.pptxالإيمان بالله  جل وعلا.pptx
الإيمان بالله جل وعلا.pptx
 
Tests for kidney functions in blood
Tests for kidney functions in bloodTests for kidney functions in blood
Tests for kidney functions in blood
 
DNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprintDNA fingerprint
DNA fingerprint
 
Conventional , qPCR & RTPCR
Conventional , qPCR & RTPCRConventional , qPCR & RTPCR
Conventional , qPCR & RTPCR
 
DNA & RNA extraction
DNA & RNA extractionDNA & RNA extraction
DNA & RNA extraction
 
Protein Electrophoresis
Protein ElectrophoresisProtein Electrophoresis
Protein Electrophoresis
 
Protein Electrophoresis 2 nd year student
Protein Electrophoresis 2 nd year student Protein Electrophoresis 2 nd year student
Protein Electrophoresis 2 nd year student
 
Chromatography
ChromatographyChromatography
Chromatography
 
Total protein , globulin and a g ratio
Total protein , globulin and a g ratioTotal protein , globulin and a g ratio
Total protein , globulin and a g ratio
 
Albumin
AlbuminAlbumin
Albumin
 
Mutation
MutationMutation
Mutation
 
Hb electrophoresis
Hb electrophoresisHb electrophoresis
Hb electrophoresis
 
Calculation
CalculationCalculation
Calculation
 
Calculation
CalculationCalculation
Calculation
 
Curriculum of Junior medical staff online teaching
Curriculum of Junior medical staff online teachingCurriculum of Junior medical staff online teaching
Curriculum of Junior medical staff online teaching
 
أركان الإيمان وعقيدة المسلم
 أركان الإيمان وعقيدة المسلم  أركان الإيمان وعقيدة المسلم
أركان الإيمان وعقيدة المسلم
 

Recently uploaded

mini mental status format.docx
mini    mental       status     format.docxmini    mental       status     format.docx
mini mental status format.docxPoojaSen20
 
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptxCARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptxGaneshChakor2
 
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactAccessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactdawncurless
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsanshu789521
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityGeoBlogs
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfsanyamsingh5019
 
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...Marc Dusseiller Dusjagr
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxHow to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxmanuelaromero2013
 
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher EducationIntroduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Educationpboyjonauth
 
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxPOINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxSayali Powar
 
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991RKavithamani
 
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdfssuser54595a
 
Crayon Activity Handout For the Crayon A
Crayon Activity Handout For the Crayon ACrayon Activity Handout For the Crayon A
Crayon Activity Handout For the Crayon AUnboundStockton
 
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesSeparation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesFatimaKhan178732
 
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website AppURLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website AppCeline George
 

Recently uploaded (20)

mini mental status format.docx
mini    mental       status     format.docxmini    mental       status     format.docx
mini mental status format.docx
 
Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri  Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri  Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Bikash Puri Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
 
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptxCARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
 
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactAccessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
 
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
 
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdfSanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
Sanyam Choudhary Chemistry practical.pdf
 
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdfTataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
 
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
 
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxHow to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
 
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher EducationIntroduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
 
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptxPOINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
POINT- BIOCHEMISTRY SEM 2 ENZYMES UNIT 5.pptx
 
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
Industrial Policy - 1948, 1956, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1991
 
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
 
Crayon Activity Handout For the Crayon A
Crayon Activity Handout For the Crayon ACrayon Activity Handout For the Crayon A
Crayon Activity Handout For the Crayon A
 
Model Call Girl in Tilak Nagar Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Tilak Nagar Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝Model Call Girl in Tilak Nagar Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
Model Call Girl in Tilak Nagar Delhi reach out to us at 🔝9953056974🔝
 
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and ActinidesSeparation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
Separation of Lanthanides/ Lanthanides and Actinides
 
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website AppURLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
URLs and Routing in the Odoo 17 Website App
 

Ketonuria

  • 1. BY dr: Mohammed Bahgat Mohammed Sofyan Assistant lecturer of medical biochemistry, Faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar university (Assiut branch) 1
  • 4. ‫صورة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬ ‫اضغط‬ ‫الشاش‬ ‫عرض‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬ ‫قنواتنا‬ ‫على‬ ‫وادعمنا‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫على‬
  • 5. 5
  • 6. 6
  • 7.  2acetyle COA ➡acetoacetyl COA ➡ HMG COA ➡ acetoacetate ➡ either acetone spontaneously or B Hroxy butyrate by B Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Site of ketogenesis ➡It's Occurs in mitochondria of the liver only. 7
  • 8. KETOLYSIS ➡BREAKDOWN OF KETONE BODIES. ACETOACETATE ➡ ACETYL COA ➡ENTERS CREB'S CYCLE ➡GIVES ENERGY. Site of ketolysis ➡It occurs in mitochondria of the Extrahepatic tissues Ketosis is an imbalance between ketogenesis and ketolysis. Increased ketogenesis rather than ketolysis 8
  • 9. ‫ال‬ ‫بيستخدم‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ FA ‫إلي‬ ‫ويكسرها‬ acetyle COA ‫ال‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫ثم‬ Acetyle COA ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫في‬ Creb's cycle ‫أيضا‬ ‫ويحدث‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بسرعة‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫في‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويحصل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحصول‬ ‫تفضل‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫ولكن‬ ،‫الخاليا‬ ‫باقي‬ ‫في‬ ketone body ‫ال‬ ‫وليس‬ FA ‫تكسر‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫يعني‬ FA ‫إلي‬ acetyle COA ‫ال‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫ودي‬ Acetyle COA ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫في‬ Creb's cycle ‫يحصل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫طب‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫الموضوع‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويحصل‬ ... ‫الكبد‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يكسرها‬ acetyle COA ‫اتنين‬ ‫ويجمع‬ acetyle COA ‫ويكون‬ acetoacetate and it gives acetone spontaneously or B hydroxy butrate by B hydroxy butrate dehydrogenase ‫عملت‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بعد‬ ketone bodies ‫دول‬ ‫الثالثة‬ ‫هما‬ ‫اللي‬ 1_ acetoacetate 2_ acetone 3_ B hydroxy butrate ‫لل‬ ‫أبعتهم‬ Extrahepatic tissue ‫ل‬ ‫ترجعهم‬ acetyle COA ‫في‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫وتدخلهم‬ Creb's cycle ‫ويبقي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كسرت‬ ‫كده‬ FA ‫الكبد‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫والنصف‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫في‬ ‫حصل‬ ‫األولي‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫نصف‬ ‫مرحلتين‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫إن‬ ‫كده‬ ‫من‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫الموضوع‬ brain ‫ال‬ ‫تكسير‬ ‫يستطيع‬ ‫ال‬ FA ‫علي‬ ‫الوحيد‬ ‫واعتماده‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫وانتاج‬ ‫ال‬ . Ketone body ‫المجاعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السكر‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫زي‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫فقد‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫في‬ . 9
  • 11. 11
  • 12. FUNCTIO OF KETON BODY 1_ Brain tissue can oxidize ketone body after 5_6 days of fasting and never oxidize FA. 2_ Ketone body formation is a preparatory step that occurs in the liver for complete oxidation of FA by Extrahepatic tissues. ‫الكبد‬ ‫في‬ ‫بتحصل‬ ‫محطة‬ ( ‫ال‬ ‫تحويل‬ FA ‫إلي‬ acetyle COA ‫إلي‬ ‫وتحويلها‬ ketone body ) ‫ثم‬ ‫الكبد‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫الخطوة‬ ( ‫ال‬ ‫تكسير‬ ketone body ‫إلي‬ acetyle COA ‫في‬ ‫وأكسدته‬ Creb's cycle ) 3_ It also reduces the need for gluconeogenesis and the breakdown of the tissue proteins. 12
  • 13. KETOGENESIS AND KETOLYSIS OCCURS IN FASTING ‫شوية‬ ‫بيتكون‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫في‬ ketone body ‫ماشي‬ ‫والموضوع‬ ‫تكسيرهم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫ثم‬ . # ‫ل‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫كمية‬ ketolysis ‫اتكون‬ ‫لو‬ ‫يعني‬ ketone body ‫يكسره‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليل‬ ‫وفيه‬ ketolysis ‫الجلو‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقليل‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫إمداد‬ ‫علي‬ ‫تساعد‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫إنه‬ ‫المعلومة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫مهمة‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫كوز‬ ‫قليل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫نحصل‬ ‫منه‬ ‫من‬ oxaloacetate ‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ونشغل‬ Acetyle COA ‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫ناتج‬ ‫اللي‬ ketolysis ‫ال‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫نضمن‬ ‫علشان‬ ‫ولهذا‬ ketolysis ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫ومعاه‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫اإلنسولين‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫ولو‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الزم‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫بال‬ ‫هيمدنا‬ oxaloacetate . 13
  • 14. 1 _ ‫مرضي‬ ‫زي‬ ‫إنسولين‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫وال‬ ‫عندوش‬ ‫ما‬ ‫انسان‬ ‫لو‬ ‫رأيكم‬ ‫إيه‬ ‫طب‬ type I DM ‫هيحصل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هيتكون‬ ketone body ‫فيحصل‬ ‫هيتكسر‬ ‫مش‬ ‫بس‬ ketosis 2 _ ‫أكسر‬ ،‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫منه‬ ‫أحصل‬ ‫جلوكوز‬ ‫القي‬ ‫مش‬ ‫جامدة‬ ‫مجاعة‬ ‫في‬ ‫دخل‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫لو‬ ‫رأيكم‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫طب‬ FA ‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫منه‬ ‫واحصل‬ Very Low glucose ➡ lipolysis ➡⬆ free FA ➡⬆fatty acids oxidation ➡ acetyle COA ➡ ketone body formation ‫اتكون‬ ‫هنا‬ acetyle COA ‫يوجد‬ ‫وال‬ oxaloacetate ‫فخرج‬ ‫والمجاعة‬ ‫الصيام‬ ‫علشان‬ acetyle COA ‫مش‬ ‫لألسف‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫يخش‬ ‫عارف‬ Ketone body formation No glucose ➡No glycolysis ➡ NO Oxaloacetate ➡ No Creb's cycle ➡Acetyle COA directed to form Keton synthesis. ‫يحصل‬ ‫ممكن‬ ketolysis ‫من‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫هيبقي‬ ‫بس‬ ketogenesis 14
  • 15. TO PREVENT KETON BODY FORMATION ‫هتمد‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫للخاليا‬ ‫بالجلوكوز‬ ‫مد‬ ‫باستمرار‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫الزم‬ ‫بال‬ ‫ني‬ oxaloacetate ، ‫الخال‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫واالنسولين‬ ‫يا‬ ‫يت‬ ‫وال‬ ،‫الطاقة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويحصل‬ ‫كريبس‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫م‬ ‫عمل‬ Ketone body formation ‫انسولين‬ ‫مفيش‬ ‫او‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫استهالكه‬ ‫زاد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫قل‬ ‫لو‬ ‫دهون‬ ‫تكسير‬ ‫سيتم‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫خالص‬ FA ‫على‬ ‫للحصول‬ ‫بسببها‬ ‫بينتج‬ ‫واللي‬ ‫الطاقة‬ Ketone body in blood. 15
  • 16. CAUSES OF KETONEMIA & KETONURIA A_ Decreased availability of carbohydrates as starvation or frequent vomiting. B_ Decreased used of carbohydrates as DM Type I and type II with stress conditions, Glycogen storage disease, Alkalosis. C_ Increased metabolic needs as fever, pregnancy, severe thyrotoxicosis, and protein-calorie malnutrition. 16
  • 17. CAUSES OF KETONEMIA & KETONURIA 17
  • 18. Rothera test ‫الكالم‬ ‫ده‬ ‫بنقيسه‬ ‫في‬ ‫المعمل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫حتي‬ ‫في‬ ‫شرائط‬ ‫البول‬ ‫بتحليل‬ ‫يسمي‬ Rothera test ‫ال‬ ‫إن‬ ‫عمله‬ ‫وفكرة‬ ketone body ‫مع‬ ‫تتحد‬ Na nitroprusside ‫اللي‬ ‫هو‬ ‫من‬ ‫مكونات‬ ‫ال‬ Rothera test ‫في‬ ‫وسط‬ alkaline ‫وتعطي‬ purple coloure ring 18
  • 19. ROTHERA TEST Principle In an alkaline medium, acetoacetic acid will react with sodium nitroprusside to form a purple colour. 19
  • 20. 1_ Take 5 ml of urine in a test tube. 2_ Saturate it with powdered ammonium sulphate. 3_ Add 1 ml of 5% sodium nitroprusside. Mix thoroughly. 4_ Now add 1 ml concentrated aqueous ammonia carefully along the side of the test tube without shaking. ‫النتيجة‬ A reddish-brown ring develops at the interface of the two liquids indicating the presence of ketone bodies in the test urine. ‫علي‬ ‫سلفات‬ ‫أمونيوم‬ ‫بدرة‬ ‫تضع‬ ‫يعني‬ 5 ‫من‬ ‫نقاط‬ ‫بضع‬ ‫نضع‬ ،‫تشبع‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫حتي‬ ‫بول‬ ‫مل‬ Na nitroprusside ‫ثم‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫علي‬ ‫سيظهر‬ ‫األنبوبة‬ ‫جدار‬ ‫علي‬ ‫المائي‬ ‫األمونيا‬ ‫نضع‬ purple ring ‫لو‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫البول‬ ‫عينة‬ ketone bodies ‫والبنشيل‬ ‫بنحط‬ ‫وال‬ ‫احنا‬ ‫البول‬ ‫شريط‬ ‫في‬ ‫بيحصل‬ ‫ده‬ ‫كل‬ ‫البول‬ ‫شريط‬ ‫في‬ ‫المعمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫طبعا‬ . 20
  • 21. 21
  • 22. FALSE-POSITIVE TESTS CAN OCCUR IN The presence of L-dopa in urine and phenylketonuria. The antihypertensive drugs methyldopa and captopril. 22
  • 23. CLINICAL POINT Rothera test is sensitive to acetoacetate 10 times more than acetone and not sensitive to B hydroxybutyrate , This may produce a paradoxical situation FA ➡ acetyle COA ➡ acetoacetate ➡ B hydroxybutyrate 23
  • 24. ‫عندي‬ ‫أنا‬ ‫لو‬ severe ketoacidosis ‫دمي‬ ‫في‬ ‫هيبقي‬ H ‫يعني‬ ‫كتير‬ NADH+H ‫إلى‬ ‫يتحول‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫كتير‬ NAD ‫ال‬ ‫معاه‬ ‫ويتحول‬ acetoacetate ‫إلي‬ B hydroxybutyrate ‫إن‬ ‫عارفين‬ ‫وانتوا‬ test not sensitive to B hydroxy butrate ‫هيظهر‬ weak positive ‫ال‬ ‫هتتحسن‬ ‫الحالة‬ ‫أعالج‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫طب‬ H ‫ال‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫هتقل‬ NAD ‫مايالقيش‬ H ‫يتحول‬ ‫يقوم‬ ‫ال‬ NADH+H ‫ال‬ ‫ويتحول‬ B hydroxybutyrate ‫ل‬ acetoacetate ‫اللي‬ test sensitive to it ‫فيعطي‬ strong positive ‫بال‬ ‫هيتابع‬ ‫لو‬ ‫فالدكتور‬ ketone body ‫ال‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫يقول‬ ketone body ‫األول‬ ‫في‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫وال‬ ‫بيعلي‬ ‫بعالج‬ ‫ما‬ ‫كل‬ ‫العالج‬ ‫قبل‬ + ‫بقي‬ ‫العالج‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫لما‬ +++ ‫إيه؟‬ ‫في‬ ‫الصحيح‬ ‫الطريق‬ ‫في‬ ‫ماشي‬ ‫كدا‬ ‫والعالج‬ ‫قلتلك‬ ‫ما‬ ‫زي‬ ‫الموضوع‬ ‫ال‬ . 24
  • 25. PARADOXICAL SITUATION When a patient initially presents in ketoacidosis, the test for ketones may be only weakly positive. With therapy B-hydroxybutyrate is converted to acetoacetate and the ketosis appears to worsen. Note that: The strip test detects acetoacetate only. 25
  • 26. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS pH ➡low HCO3 ➡ low PCO2 ➡low K ➡ Hyperkalaemia AG ➡high Urine ➡acidic. ‫في‬ ‫يخش‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫ده‬ ‫المريض‬ Irritability, coma,...... death. 26
  • 27. REFERENCES • _ https://labtestsonline.org • _ https://www.medscape.com • _ https://www.wikipedia.org • _ https ps://www.labcorp.com • _ https://www.uptodate.com • _ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Home - PubMed – NCBI • _TIETZ textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, sixth edition 2018. • _Essential of clinical pathology book; 1st edition; Shirish M Kawthalkar; 2010. • _Essential of biochemistry book ;1st edition; 2012. • _ Harper's illustrated biochemistry 30th edition 2015. • _ Lippincott's illustrated review of biochemistry sixth edition 2014. • _ Lecturea Notes Clinical Biochemistry, 9th Edition Walker, Simon, 2103. • _Many audios and videos from Well-known, trusted professors who study from accredited books. • _ Clinical chemistry from principles to practice 2nd Edition dr Ola H. Demerdash, second edition 27
  • 28. ‫اليوتيوب‬ ‫علي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫اليوتيوب‬ ‫علي‬ ‫قناتي‬ ‫دي‬ ‫د‬ ‫باسم‬ . ‫سفيان‬ ‫بهجت‬ ‫محمد‬ ، ‫هللا‬ ‫شاء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫نستمر‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫بالقناة‬ ‫وتشتركوا‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ياريت‬ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaYs1d8s0ntZvteHS3mMmGA ‫ب‬ ‫الفيس‬ ‫في‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫انضمامكم‬ ‫يشرفنا‬ ‫الفيسبوك‬ ‫علي‬ ‫بتاعتي‬ ‫الصفحة‬ ‫دي‬ DMBMS2018 ، ‫هللا‬ ‫شاء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫نستمر‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ياريت‬ https://www.facebook.com/DMBMS2018/ ‫باسم‬ ‫التلجرام‬ ‫علي‬ ‫قناتي‬ ‫ودي‬ ِ ‫للناس‬ ‫أنفعهم‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫خير‬ 📚 ‫هللا‬ ‫شاء‬ ‫إن‬ ‫نستمر‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ِريت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ https://t.me/DMBMS2020 ‫على‬ ‫بروفايلي‬ ‫لينكيدإن‬ ‫وتعملولي‬ ‫تتابعوني‬ ‫ياريت‬ endorsement ‫مهاراتي‬ ‫على‬ https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohammed-bahgat-sofyan-8ba012142/ ‫موقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫بروفايلي‬ ‫وده‬ SlideShare ‫تتابعونا‬ ‫ياريت‬ https://www.slideshare.net/MohammedBahgatMohamm1 ‫وده‬ ‫بروفايلي‬ ‫الشخصي‬ ‫الفيسبوك‬ ‫علي‬ https://www.facebook.com/mohammed.bahgat.165 ‫الفيسبوك‬ ‫على‬ ‫بنا‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫اللوجوا‬ ‫وده‬ # ‫دمحمد‬ _ ‫بهجت‬ _ ‫سفيان‬ _ medical_biochimestry 28
  • 30. THANK YOU Meet on the best later, God willing 30