Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances produced by the liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and starvation. There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver. They are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. These compounds are used in healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or absent in the diet.

1. PRIMEASIA UNIVERSITY
A mission with a vision
Course Code: BIO-CHEM 212
Course Title: Metabolism -2
Submitted To:
Name: Md. Sakib Hossen
Lecturer
Department of Biochemistry
PRIMEASIA UNIVERSITY
Submitted By:
Name: Najmul Hasan Forhad
ID: 181-038-033
Section: Friday Batch Department: Biochemistry
Date of Submission: 15‐4‐2020

2. Biochem -216
Metabolism -2
Assignment no-1
Assignment No : 01
1.a. Answer :
Carnitine shuttle for activated of fatty acid (acyl CoA) into mithchondria:
Carnitine Carrier system operates to transport activated fatty acid from cytosol to the
mitochondria. This occurs in four steps-
i. Acyl group of acyl CoA is transferred to carnitine, catalysed by carnitine
acyltransferase I (present on the outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane).
ii. The acyl-carnitine is transported across the membrane to mitochondrial matrix by a
specific carrier protein.
iii. Carnitine acyl transferase II converts acyl- carnitine to acyl CoA.
iv. The carnitine released returns to cytosol for reuse.
Figure: Carnitine shuttle for activated of fatty acid (acyl CoA) into mithchondria

3. 1.b. Answer:
Eight Cycles of the beta oxidation are required for the complete oxidation of activated
oleic acid, 18:1 .
1.c. Answer:
Nine turns of the fatty acid oxidation cycle are required for complete oxidation of
arachitic acid, 20:4 to acetyl CoA.
2.a. Answer :
Account of β -oxidation of saturated even carbon fatty acid (palmitic acid) along with its
energetics :
The ultimate aim of fatty acid oxidation is to generate energy. The energy
obtained from the complete oxidation of plmitic acid is-
The standard free energy of palmitate = 2340 Cal.
The energy yield by its oxidation – 129 ATP
(129 × 7.3 Cal)= 940 Cal
The efficiency of energy conservation by fatty acid
940
Oxidation = ------------- × 100 = 40 %
2340

4. Energetics of palmitic acid oxidation :
Mechanism ATP yield
I. β –oxidation 7 cycles
7 FADH2 (oxidized by electron transport chain-ETC,
each FADH2 gives 2 ATP)……………………………. …… 14
7 NADH (oxidizes by ETC, each NADH liberates
3 ATP)………………………………………………………. 21
II. From 8 acetyl CoA
Oxidized by citric acid cycle, each acetyl CoA
Provides 12 ATP)………………………………………….... 96
……………………………………………………………………………
Total energy from 1 mole of palmitoyl CoA 131
Energy utilized for activation
(formation of palmitoyl Coa)………………………………… - 2
...………………………………………………………………………………
Net yield of oxidation of one molecule of palmitate 129
2.b. Answer :
Metabolic Water :
Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their
metabolism , by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food.
Examples with significances-
Some organisms, especially xerocoles animals living t in the desert, rely exclusive on
metabolic water.
Migrate birds must relay exclusively on metabolic water production while making non
stop flight.Birds, however, excrete uric acid and can have a net gain of water from the
metabolism of protein.
Nazmul Hasan Forhad
BSc. In Biochemistry
Prime Asia University,Dhaka
Email: forhad1767@gmail.com

5. Mobi:+8801926249001
Assignment no-2
What are Ketone Bodies
Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances produced by
the liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and
starvation. There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver. They
are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. These compounds are used in
healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or
absent in the diet.
Site.
Mitochondrial matrix of liver cells.
Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
When glucose levels are high in your body, it is busy storing the excess as fats, building
proteins, and in general growing. This is known as the absorptive state. When you fast, or
are being starved, the glucose levels in your blood quickly decrease. This triggers the
body to enter the postabsorptive state. In this state, the body starts converting fat back
to fatty acids, glycogen into glucose, and even starts breaking down amino acids for
energy.While glycogen is just a storage product of glucose and can be quickly converted
back, only so much glycogen is stored in the body (mainly in the liver). Once these stores
are depleted, the body must resort to the other breakdown products for energy. Luckily,
most of the cells in the body can survive off of fatty acids, created from the breakdown of
fat. This is not true, however, for the brain and liver. The brain cannot receive fatty acids,
which cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier. The liver, in order to keep supplying
the brain with glucose, must convert amino acids, glycerol, pyruvate, and lactate into
glucose. This process is called gluconeogenesis, and also produces the two ketone bodies
acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. It releases these ketone bodies, along with

6. glucose, into the blood stream to feed the brain. By this point, the muscles and other
organs have mainly switched to fatty acids for energy, conserving the glucose for the
brain. This is known as glucose sparing, and is very important for animals which must
undergo long periods of fasting or starvation.
Steps of Ketogensesis
Properties of Ketone Bodies
1. They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.

7. 5. Acetone is synthesized in smaller amounts than other ketone bodies. It is a non-
metabolized end product. It is a volatile substance that is excreted by the lungs in the
expired air.
6. Acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate are relatively strong acids.
Ketolysis
Definition
It is the utilization (oxidation) of ketone bodies. Ketosis is a metabolic process. When the
body does not have enough glucose for energy, it burns stored fats instead. This results in
a buildup of acids called ketones within the body. Some people encourage ketosis by
following a diet called the ketogenic, or keto, diet.
Site
- Mitochondrial matrix of extra hepatic tissuesespecially kidney cortex, cardiac and
skeletalmuscles which normally use ketone bodies as asource of energy in preference to
glucose.
- The brain can utilize ketone bodies as a source of energy only during prolonged
starvation and they provide about 75 % of its energy needs.
Ketolysis does not occur in
a. RBCs : due to absence of mitochondria
b. Liver : due to absence of thiophorase enzymethat is required for the activation of
ketone bodies .

8. Relation between Ketogenesis and Ketolysis
Ketoacidosis (Ketosis)
Definition
It is a metabolic disorder characterized by a triadof :
1. Ketonemia (increase ketone bodies in blood).
2. ketonuria (increase ketone bodies in urine).
3. acetone (fruity) odor of breath.
There are also dehydration, acidosis, coma, and death (if untreated).
Causes of Ketosis
1. Prolonged starvation.
2. Severe dieting.
3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

9. Mechanism (Pathogenesis) of Ketosis
 In all types of ketosis, there is a decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio, so there is a
defect in carbohydrate metabolism, so the body depends onoxidation of fat as the
main source of energy.
 so, there is excessive lipolysis in adipose tissue that yields large amounts of
glycerol and fattyacids.
 The latter are oxidized to produce large amounts of acetyl COA that can not enter
the citric acid cycle due to deficiency of oxalo-acetate.
 Consequently, acetyl COA is diverted to the pathway of keto-genesis leading to
excessive formation of ketone bodies i.e. ketosis.
Diagnosis of Ketosis:-
 Rothera’s test.
 Estimation of serum electrolytes.
 Acid-base parameters.
 Glucose & Urea estimation
Rothera’s test:-
1. Saturate 5ml of urine with solid NH3SO4.
2. Add a few drops of freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside followed by 2ml of
liquid ammonia along the side of the test tube.
Result:-
Development of a purple ring indicates thepresence of ketone bodies in urine.
Is the keto diet healthful
The keto diet could reduce a person’s risk of developing several health conditions, including:
 cardiovascular disease
 diabetes
 metabolic syndrome.

10. Researchers are now studying other conditions to see if a keto diet
might be beneficial, including:
 metabolic syndrome
 Alzheimer’s disease
 acne
 cancer
 polycystic ovary disease
 Lou Gehrig’s disease
Ketosis and diabetes
In people with diabetes, ketosis can occur due to a person not having enough insulin to
process glucose in the body. The presence of ketones in the urine indicates that a person
needs to work on better controlling their diabetes.
Ketoacidosis
People with diabetes who follow a keto diet need to monitor their ketone levels carefully. If
levels get too high, ketoacidosis can occur.
It can also result from problems with insulin therapy, either through missing scheduled
treatments or not receiving enough insulin.
Some less common triggers of ketoacidosis include:
 drug misuse
 emotional trauma
 physical trauma
 stress
 surger

11. Ketoacidosis treatment and prevention
Ketosis does not usually occur in people who eat balanced diets and regular meals.
Drastically reducing calorie and carb intake, exercising for extended periods, or being
pregnant may trigger ketosis.
For those with diabetes, the emergency team will commonly take the following measures:
 Fluid replacement: Doctors use this treatment to rehydrate the body and dilute the
excess sugar in the blood.
 Electrolyte replacement: This helps a person maintain heart, muscle, and nerve cell
function. Levels in the blood often drop in the absence of insulin. Electrolyte
supplements are available to purchase online.
 Insulin therapy: This can help doctors reverse the processes that led to ketoacidosis.
Prevention
There are several ways a person with diabetes can prevent ketoacidosis, including:
 carefully monitoring their blood sugar levels at least three to four times per day
 discussing insulin dosage with a specialist
 following a diabetes treatment plan
Assignment no-2
What are Ketone Bodies

12. Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances produced by
the liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and
starvation. There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver. They
are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. These compounds are used in
healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or
absent in the diet.
Site.
Mitochondrial matrix of liver cells.
Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
When glucose levels are high in your body, it is busy storing the excess as fats, building
proteins, and in general growing. This is known as the absorptive state. When you fast, or
are being starved, the glucose levels in your blood quickly decrease. This triggers the
body to enter the postabsorptive state. In this state, the body starts converting fat back
to fatty acids, glycogen into glucose, and even starts breaking down amino acids for
energy.While glycogen is just a storage product of glucose and can be quickly converted
back, only so much glycogen is stored in the body (mainly in the liver). Once these stores
are depleted, the body must resort to the other breakdown products for energy. Luckily,
most of the cells in the body can survive off of fatty acids, created from the breakdown of
fat. This is not true, however, for the brain and liver. The brain cannot receive fatty acids,
which cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier. The liver, in order to keep supplying
the brain with glucose, must convert amino acids, glycerol, pyruvate, and lactate into
glucose. This process is called gluconeogenesis, and also produces the two ketone bodies
acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. It releases these ketone bodies, along with
glucose, into the blood stream to feed the brain. By this point, the muscles and other
organs have mainly switched to fatty acids for energy, conserving the glucose for the
brain. This is known as glucose sparing, and is very important for animals which must
undergo long periods of fasting or starvation.

13. Steps of Ketogensesis
Properties of Ketone Bodies
1. They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.
4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
5. Acetone is synthesized in smaller amounts than other ketone bodies. It is a non-
metabolized end product. It is a volatile substance that is excreted by the lungs in the
expired air.
6. Acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate are relatively strong acids.
Ketolysis

14. Definition
It is the utilization (oxidation) of ketone bodies. Ketosis is a metabolic process. When the
body does not have enough glucose for energy, it burns stored fats instead. This results in
a buildup of acids called ketones within the body. Some people encourage ketosis by
following a diet called the ketogenic, or keto, diet.
Site
- Mitochondrial matrix of extra hepatic tissuesespecially kidney cortex, cardiac and
skeletalmuscles which normally use ketone bodies as asource of energy in preference to
glucose.
- The brain can utilize ketone bodies as a source of energy only during prolonged
starvation and they provide about 75 % of its energy needs.
Ketolysis does not occur in
a. RBCs : due to absence of mitochondria
b. Liver : due to absence of thiophorase enzymethat is required for the activation of
ketone bodies .
Relation between Ketogenesis and Ketolysis

15. Ketoacidosis (Ketosis)
Definition
It is a metabolic disorder characterized by a triadof :
1. Ketonemia (increase ketone bodies in blood).
2. ketonuria (increase ketone bodies in urine).
3. acetone (fruity) odor of breath.
There are also dehydration, acidosis, coma, and death (if untreated).
Causes of Ketosis
1. Prolonged starvation.
2. Severe dieting.
3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Mechanism (Pathogenesis) of Ketosis

16.  In all types of ketosis, there is a decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio, so there is a
defect in carbohydrate metabolism, so the body depends onoxidation of fat as the
main source of energy.
 so, there is excessive lipolysis in adipose tissue that yields large amounts of
glycerol and fattyacids.
 The latter are oxidized to produce large amounts of acetyl COA that can not enter
the citric acid cycle due to deficiency of oxalo-acetate.
 Consequently, acetyl COA is diverted to the pathway of keto-genesis leading to
excessive formation of ketone bodies i.e. ketosis.
Diagnosis of Ketosis:-
 Rothera’s test.
 Estimation of serum electrolytes.
 Acid-base parameters.
 Glucose & Urea estimation
Rothera’s test:-
3. Saturate 5ml of urine with solid NH3SO4.
4. Add a few drops of freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside followed by 2ml of
liquid ammonia along the side of the test tube.
Result:-
Development of a purple ring indicates thepresence of ketone bodies in urine.
Is the keto diet healthful
The keto diet could reduce a person’s risk of developing several health conditions, including:
 cardiovascular disease
 diabetes
 metabolic syndrome.
Researchers are now studying other conditions to see if a keto diet
might be beneficial, including:

17.  metabolic syndrome
 Alzheimer’s disease
 acne
 cancer
 polycystic ovary disease
 Lou Gehrig’s disease
Ketosis and diabetes
In people with diabetes, ketosis can occur due to a person not having enough insulin to
process glucose in the body. The presence of ketones in the urine indicates that a person
needs to work on better controlling their diabetes.
Ketoacidosis
People with diabetes who follow a keto diet need to monitor their ketone levels carefully. If
levels get too high, ketoacidosis can occur.
It can also result from problems with insulin therapy, either through missing scheduled
treatments or not receiving enough insulin.
Some less common triggers of ketoacidosis include:
 drug misuse
 emotional trauma
 physical trauma
 stress
 surger

18. Ketoacidosis treatment and prevention
Ketosis does not usually occur in people who eat balanced diets and regular meals.
Drastically reducing calorie and carb intake, exercising for extended periods, or being
pregnant may trigger ketosis.
For those with diabetes, the emergency team will commonly take the following measures:
 Fluid replacement: Doctors use this treatment to rehydrate the body and dilute the
excess sugar in the blood.
 Electrolyte replacement: This helps a person maintain heart, muscle, and nerve cell
function. Levels in the blood often drop in the absence of insulin. Electrolyte
supplements are available to purchase online.
 Insulin therapy: This can help doctors reverse the processes that led to ketoacidosis.
Prevention
There are several ways a person with diabetes can prevent ketoacidosis, including:
 carefully monitoring their blood sugar levels at least three to four times per day
 discussing insulin dosage with a specialist
 following a diabetes treatment plan

19. Biochem -212
Biochemistry -2
Assignment no-2
What are Ketone Bodies
Ketone bodies, or simply ketones are substances produced by
the liver during gluconeogenesis, a process which creates glucose in times of fasting and
starvation. There are three ketone bodies produced by the liver. They
are acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. These compounds are used in
healthy individuals to provide energy to the cells of the body when glucose is low or
absent in the diet.
Site.
Mitochondrial matrix of liver cells.
Why Are Ketone Bodies Formed?
When glucose levels are high in your body, it is busy storing the excess as fats, building
proteins, and in general growing. This is known as the absorptive state. When you fast, or
are being starved, the glucose levels in your blood quickly decrease. This triggers the
body to enter the postabsorptive state. In this state, the body starts converting fat back
to fatty acids, glycogen into glucose, and even starts breaking down amino acids for
energy.While glycogen is just a storage product of glucose and can be quickly converted
back, only so much glycogen is stored in the body (mainly in the liver). Once these stores
are depleted, the body must resort to the other breakdown products for energy. Luckily,
most of the cells in the body can survive off of fatty acids, created from the breakdown of
fat. This is not true, however, for the brain and liver. The brain cannot receive fatty acids,
which cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier. The liver, in order to keep supplying
the brain with glucose, must convert amino acids, glycerol, pyruvate, and lactate into

20. glucose. This process is called gluconeogenesis, and also produces the two ketone bodies
acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. It releases these ketone bodies, along with
glucose, into the blood stream to feed the brain. By this point, the muscles and other
organs have mainly switched to fatty acids for energy, conserving the glucose for the
brain. This is known as glucose sparing, and is very important for animals which must
undergo long periods of fasting or starvation.
Steps of Ketogensesis
Properties of Ketone Bodies
1. They are water soluble substances.
2. They are synthesized at a relatively low rate in well nourished individuals.
3. Plasma level of ketone bodies < 1mg/dl.

21. 4. Urinary level of ketone bodies <3 mg/24 hour urine.
5. Acetone is synthesized in smaller amounts than other ketone bodies. It is a non-
metabolized end product. It is a volatile substance that is excreted by the lungs in the
expired air.
6. Acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate are relatively strong acids.
Ketolysis
Definition
It is the utilization (oxidation) of ketone bodies. Ketosis is a metabolic process. When the
body does not have enough glucose for energy, it burns stored fats instead. This results in
a buildup of acids called ketones within the body. Some people encourage ketosis by
following a diet called the ketogenic, or keto, diet.
Site
- Mitochondrial matrix of extra hepatic tissuesespecially kidney cortex, cardiac and
skeletalmuscles which normally use ketone bodies as asource of energy in preference to
glucose.
- The brain can utilize ketone bodies as a source of energy only during prolonged
starvation and they provide about 75 % of its energy needs.
Ketolysis does not occur in
a. RBCs : due to absence of mitochondria
b. Liver : due to absence of thiophorase enzymethat is required for the activation of
ketone bodies .

22. Relation between Ketogenesis and Ketolysis
Ketoacidosis (Ketosis)
Definition
It is a metabolic disorder characterized by a triadof :
1. Ketonemia (increase ketone bodies in blood).
2. ketonuria (increase ketone bodies in urine).
3. acetone (fruity) odor of breath.
There are also dehydration, acidosis, coma, and death (if untreated).
Causes of Ketosis
1. Prolonged starvation.
2. Severe dieting.

23. 3. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
Mechanism (Pathogenesis) of Ketosis
 In all types of ketosis, there is a decrease in insulin/glucagon ratio, so there is a
defect in carbohydrate metabolism, so the body depends onoxidation of fat as the
main source of energy.
 so, there is excessive lipolysis in adipose tissue that yields large amounts of
glycerol and fattyacids.
 The latter are oxidized to produce large amounts of acetyl COA that can not enter
the citric acid cycle due to deficiency of oxalo-acetate.
 Consequently, acetyl COA is diverted to the pathway of keto-genesis leading to
excessive formation of ketone bodies i.e. ketosis.
Diagnosis of Ketosis:-
 Rothera’s test.
 Estimation of serum electrolytes.
 Acid-base parameters.
 Glucose & Urea estimation
Rothera’s test:-
5. Saturate 5ml of urine with solid NH3SO4.
6. Add a few drops of freshly prepared sodium nitroprusside followed by 2ml of
liquid ammonia along the side of the test tube.
Result:-
Development of a purple ring indicates thepresence of ketone bodies in urine.
Is the keto diet healthful
The keto diet could reduce a person’s risk of developing several health conditions, including:
 cardiovascular disease
 diabetes
 metabolic syndrome.

24. Researchers are now studying other conditions to see if a keto diet
might be beneficial, including:
 metabolic syndrome
 Alzheimer’s disease
 acne
 cancer
 polycystic ovary disease
 Lou Gehrig’s disease
Ketosis and diabetes
In people with diabetes, ketosis can occur due to a person not having enough insulin to
process glucose in the body. The presence of ketones in the urine indicates that a person
needs to work on better controlling their diabetes.
Ketoacidosis
People with diabetes who follow a keto diet need to monitor their ketone levels carefully. If
levels get too high, ketoacidosis can occur.
It can also result from problems with insulin therapy, either through missing scheduled
treatments or not receiving enough insulin.
Some less common triggers of ketoacidosis include:
 drug misuse
 emotional trauma
 physical trauma
 stress
 surger

25. Ketoacidosis treatment and prevention
Ketosis does not usually occur in people who eat balanced diets and regular meals.
Drastically reducing calorie and carb intake, exercising for extended periods, or being
pregnant may trigger ketosis.
For those with diabetes, the emergency team will commonly take the following measures:
 Fluid replacement: Doctors use this treatment to rehydrate the body and dilute the
excess sugar in the blood.
 Electrolyte replacement: This helps a person maintain heart, muscle, and nerve cell
function. Levels in the blood often drop in the absence of insulin. Electrolyte
supplements are available to purchase online.
 Insulin therapy: This can help doctors reverse the processes that led to ketoacidosis.
Prevention
There are several ways a person with diabetes can prevent ketoacidosis, including:
 carefully monitoring their blood sugar levels at least three to four times per day
 discussing insulin dosage with a specialist
 following a diabetes treatment plan

26.
Biochem ‐212
Metabolism ‐2
Assignment no‐3
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of lipid (or fat) that, among other important functions, builds cell
membranes in the body. While some cholesterol is obtained through diet, the body
synthesizes most of it.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or “bad cholesterol,” can increase the risk of heart
attacks, diabetes and other health problems. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often
called “good cholesterol” because it helps move cholesterol out of the bloodstream.
Triglycerides are a type of fat that can signal risks of a heart attack or a stroke. Too much
“bad cholesterol” in the bloodstream increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. People
with diabetes often have high levels of “bad cholesterol” and low levels of “good
cholesterol.”
In our bodies, cholesterol serves three main purposes:
 It aids in the production of sex hormones.
 It's a building block for human tissues.
 It assists in bile production in the liver.
Write down the stage names of cholesterol biosynthesis.
1. Stage one is the synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, an activated isoprene unit that
is the key building block of cholesterol.
2. Stage two is the condensation of six molecules of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to form
squalene.
3. In stage three, squalene cyclizes in an astounding reaction and the tetracyclic
product is subsequently converted into cholesterol.

27. DEGRADATION OF CHOLESTEROL:
Cholesterol (50%) is converted to bile acids (excreted in feces), serves as a precursor for
the synthesis of steroid hormones, vitamin D, coprostanol&cholesterol.
The bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol
Bad cholesterol and good cholesterol.
HDL takes the "bad," LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol out of your blood and
keeps it from building up in your arteries. LDL cholesterol is known as bad cholesterol
because it leads to the development and build up of plaque on the walls of your arteries.
symptoms of high cholesterol in the body?
Ask about being tested for high cholesterol. You develop symptoms of heart disease,
stroke, or atherosclerosis in other blood vessels, such as left-sided chest pain, pressure, or
fullness; dizziness; unsteady gait; slurred speech; or pain in the lower legs.
Also:
 Soft, yellowish growths or lesions on the skin called xanthomas may indicate a
genetic predisposition to cholesterol problems.
 Many people who are obese or have diabetes also have high cholesterol.
 In men, impotence may be caused by arteries affected by excessive blood cholesterol.
Treatment for Cholesterol Problems
Lifestyle changes can go a long way in helping to control cholesterol levels. The
American Diabetes Association recommends these tips:
• Eating less saturated fat, which is found in fatty meats, chicken skin, non-skim milk, ice
cream, cheese and many snacks

28. • Eating foods high in fats that help to lower cholesterol levels, such as fish, olive oil and
nuts
• Eating foods high in fiber, such as oatmeal, fruit, vegetables, dried beans and peas
• Exercising and maintaining a healthy weight
• Not smoking
There are also medications that lower “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and increase “good”
cholesterol (HDL). Some researchers believe that, as a protective measure, people over
the age of 40 who have diabetes should take statins (drugs that help lower cholesterol), even if their
cholesterol levels are normal. People with diabetes should talk to their health care providers about the best
treatment.
Nazmul Hasan Forhad
BSc. In Biochemistry
Prime Asia University,Dhaka
Email: forhad1767@gmail.com
Mobi:+8801926249001