1. Aviation Safety, Security &
the Environment: The Way
Forward
Vince Galotti
Chief/Air Traffic Management
ICAO
Safety and Efficiency
An ICAO Perspective
3. CONTINUED EVOLUTION TOWARD
A MORE GLOBAL AND SEAMLESS ATM SYSTEM
Global ATM Operational Concept
Provides the ICAO vision of seamless, global ATM system
Endorsed by 11th ANCONF
SESAR and NexGen are adapting the concept
Performance Based Transition
Global Air Navigation Plan
23 Global Plan Initiatives
Stems from industry roadmap
Assists in establishment of performance objectives
Assists in implementation of ATM operational
improvements
4. 4
Safety Management
How do we ensure safety in the more
complex, synchronized global system
that we strive toward
5. 5
The evolution of safety thinking
TECHNICAL FACTORS
HUMAN FACTORS
ORGANIZATIONAL
FACTORS
TODAY
1950s 1970s 1990s 2000s
6. 6
Concept of safety
The elimination of accidents (and serious incidents) is
unachievable.
Failures will occur, in spite of the most accomplished
prevention efforts.
No human endeavour or human-made system can be
free from risk and error.
Controlled risk and error is acceptable in an inherently
safe system.
7. 7
Concept of safety (Doc 9859)
Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons
or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or
below, an acceptable level through a continuing
process of hazard identification and risk
management.
9. 9
The big picture
Operation of aircraft
Maintenance of aircraft
Air traffic services
Aerodromes
Two audience groups
States
Service providers
Three distinct requirements
Safety programme
SMS
Management accountability
10. 10
As of 23 November 2006
States shall establish a safety programme, in order to
achieve an acceptable level of safety in:
The operation of aircraft
The maintenance of aircraft
The provision of air traffic services
Aerodrome operations
The acceptable level of safety to be achieved shall be
established by the State(s) concerned
11. 11
What is a safety programme?
An integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at
improving safety.
States are responsible for establishing a safety
programme:
Safety regulation
Safety oversight
Accident/incident investigation
Mandatory/voluntary reporting systems
Safety data analysis and exchange
Safety assurance
Safety promotion
12. 12
As of 23 November 2006
States shall require, as part of their safety programme, that
an [operator, maintenance organization, ATS provider,
certified aerodrome operator] implements a safety
management system accepted by the State that, as a
minimum:
Identifies safety hazards
Ensures that remedial action necessary to maintain an
acceptable level of safety is implemented
Provides for continuous monitoring and regular
assessment of the safety level achieved
Aims to make continuous improvement to the overall
level of safety
13. 13
What is an SMS?
A systematic approach to
managing safety, including
the necessary organizational
structures, accountabilities,
policies and procedures.
Providers are responsible for
establishing an SMS.
States are responsible of the
acceptance and oversight for
providers’ SMS.
14. 14
As of 23 November 2006
An accepted safety management system shall clearly
define lines of safety accountability throughout the
[airline, maintenance, ATS provider, certified aerodrome
operator] organization, including direct accountability
for safety on the part of senior management.
Note. – Guidance on safety management systems is
contained in the ICAO Safety Management Manual
(Doc 9859).
(Accountability – Obligation or willingness to account for
one’s actions)
15. 15
Safety programme – SMS relationships
State
safety
programme
Organization’s
safety
management
system (SMS)
Organization’s
production
processes
Objective:
Public
safety
Objective:
Manage and
control
safety risk
Acceptance
Oversight
Objective:
Achieve
commercial
goals and
customer
satisfaction
Risk management
Safety assurance
Protection Production
Oversight
16. 16
The essential is invisible to the eyes
Number of occurrences
1 – 5 Accidents
30 – 100 Serious incidents
100 – 1000 Incidents
1000 – 4000
Latent conditions
17. 17
Strategies – Levels of intervention and tools
Baseline performance
“Practical
drift”
organization
Predictive Proactive Reactive
Highly efficient Very efficient Efficient
Safety management levels
Reactive
Desirable management
level
Insufficient
ASR
Surveys
Audits
ASR
MOR
Accident
and incident
reports
Hazards
FDA
Direct
observation
systems
18. 18
Risk mitigation at a glance
Does the mitigation
address the hazard?
Does it address the
risk(s)?
Is it appropriate?
Is it effective?
Assessment of the
defences within
the safety system
R R
R R
Accepting the
mitigation of
the risk
H H H H
Hazard identification
and
risk management
Control and
mitigation
of the risk (s)
Is additional or
mitigation warranted?
different
EACH HAZARD
Regulations
Training
Technology
Do the mitigation
strategies generate
additional risk(s)
EACH RISK
A
L
A
R
P
Intolerable
region
Acceptable
region
Tolerable
region
Feedback (Safety assurance)
19. 19
Safety culture
A construct
An outcome, not a process
The introduction of safety management concepts lays
the foundation upon which to build a safety culture
Safety culture cannot be “mandated” or
“designed”, it evolves.
It is generated “top-down”
20. 20
Positive culture
Positive
culture
Flexible culture
People can adapt
organizational processes
when facing high
temporary operations or
certain kinds of danger,
shifting from the
conventional hierarchical
mode to a flatter mode.
Learning culture
People have the
willingness and the
competence to draw
conclusions from safety
information systems and
the will to implement major
reforms.
Informed culture
People are knowledgeable about the human, technical,
organizational and environmental factors that determine the
safety of the system as a whole.
Reporting culture
People are prepared
to report their errors
and experiences
Just culture
People are encouraged (even rewarded) for providing
essential safety-related information. However, there is a
clear line that differentiates between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour.
Source: David Marx
21. 21
Summary
The global ATM system continues to grow rapidly
The growth will continue (environment?)
ICAO works toward a safe and efficient growth
Global ATM operational concept
Global Air Navigation plan
New approach to safety
Proactive, predictive
Performance based
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS