Concept of Immunization

1. IMMUNIZATION
Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
MPH-3rd Batch
School of Health & Allied Sciences (SHAS)
Pokhara University (P.U)
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2. Introduction
• Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or
resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine.
• Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the
person against subsequent infection or disease.
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3. Types of immunization
• Active immunization
• Natural active immunization
• Artificial active immunization
• Passive immunization
• Natural passive immunization
• Artificial passive immunization
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4. Types of vaccines
• Live attenuated vaccines: BCG, Oral polio, Measles, Rubella etc.
• Inactivated vaccines: Rabies, Salk (polio), Hepatitis B, JE, Influenza
etc
• Toxiod vaccines: Diptheria, Tetanus
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6. Benefits of immunization
• Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
• Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
• Saves money
• Less doctor visits.
• No hospitalization
• Less time off work
• Herd immunity: those who are vaccinated keep it from spreading.
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9. What is EPI?
• Extended program on immunization (EPI) is a WHO program, with
the goal to make vaccines available to all children throughout the
world.
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11. NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
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12. Immunization coverage by antigens doses FY
2073/74
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14. Antigens wise national coverage for FY 2071/72 to 2073/74
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15. VACCINE WASTAGE RATE:
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16. Problems /constraints
• Poor quality immunization data: Under and over reporting
• Poor Inventory keeping and distribution system
• Unplanned immunization month celebration
• Poor Cold Chain and Vaccine management
• Inadequate CC Equipment and inadequate repair, maintenance and
replacement, lack of technician
• Inadequate Vaccine Store Capacity specially central level
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17. Actions to be taken
• Joint supportive supervision of Immunization as per HMIS.
• Strengthen supportive supervision at all levels.
• Update inventory of cold chain equipment with their cold chain
capacity and vaccine, syringes, diluents etc. and use of stock control
register.
• Maintain maximum and minimum stock level. Always make vaccine
requisition by deducting the stock at hand from maximum stock level
of vaccine/syringes/diluents at all levels.
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18. • Utilize immunization month as an opportunity to intensify routine
immunization activities especially to ensure full immunization.
• Effective implementation of EVM training at all level.
• Provision of engineer and refrigerator technician at regional /
provincial level.
• Supply of cold chain spare parts. Replacement of ageing equipment
regular repair of cold chain equipment.
• Strengthen the vaccine stores with new buildings in central store
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19. References
• Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 19th
edition. Jabalpur(India):Banarsidas Bhanot; 2007. p95-102.
• DoHS, Annual Report 2073/74 (2016/2017)
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