2. Phonology studies the distribution and
organization of sounds in a language and
the interaction between those different
sounds. Those sounds are called phonemes
and phonology is a branch of linguistics
that studies how phonemes function in a
language.
Phoneme.- A phoneme can be defined as
the minimal significant contrastive unit in
the phonological system.
3. Take the words PIT and BIT, they differ only in
their initial sound, PIT begins with /p/ and BIT
begins with /b/. Phonemes are normally put into
slant lines / /. Pairs of words such as PIT and
BIT or PIT and PUT which only have one different
phoneme are known as minimal pairs and one
way to identify the phonemes is to look for
minimal pairs.
Example:
◦ Leave /liyv/
◦ Live /lɪv/
4.
5. Phonetic features:
Front
High
Tense
Voiced
Unrounded
Simple
Position
initial: each
medial: receive
final: key
Examples:
leave /liyv/, beach /biytʃ/, seat /siyt/, believe /bɪliyv/
6. Phonetic features
high
front
lax
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position
initial: if
medial: sit
final: sunny
Examples: hit /hɪt/, lip /lɪp/ , him /hɪm/ , been /bɪn/
7. Phonetic features
mid
front
tense
unrounded
complex
voiced
Position
initial: able
medial: take
final: pay
Examples: aim /eym/, eight /eyt/, take /teyk/, wait /weit/
8. Phonetic features
mid
front
lax
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position
initial: egg
medial: bread
final: --------
Examples: end /ɛnd/, friend /frɛnd/, get /gɛt/, guess
/gɛs/
9. Phonetic features
low
front
unrounded
lax
simple
voiced
Position
initial: apple
medial: car
final: --------
Examples: am /æm/, at /æt/, answer /ænsɚ/, bad /bæd/
10. Phonetic features
low
central
lax
unrounded
simple
Voiced
Position
initial: army
medial: not
final: Ma
Examples: ah /ɑ/, occupy /ɑkyepay/, calm /kɑm/, hot /hɑt/
11. Phonetic features
mid
central
lax/tense
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position
initial: up
medial: cut
final: soda
Examples: us /əs/, umpire /ʌmpayɚ/, blood /blʌd/, trouble
/trʌbəl/
12. Phonetic features
high
back
tense
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position
initial: ooze
medial: ruler
final: do
Examples: through /θruw/, whose /huwz/, juice
/dʒuws/, too /tuw/
13. Phonetic features
high
back
lax
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position
initial: --------
medial: book
final: --------
Examples: put /put/, butcher /butʃɚ/, cook /kuk/, sugar
/ʃugɚ/
14. Phonetic features
mid
back
tense
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position:
initial: own
medial: boat
final: no
Examples: oh /ow/, open /owpən/, home /howm/, boat
/bowt/
15. Phonetic features
mid
back
lax
unrounded
simple
voiced
Position
initial: all
medial: ball
final: law
Examples: also /ɔlsow/, halt /hɔlt/, organ /ɔrgən/, awful
/ɔfəl/
