Emotion, Associative or nonassociative learning, Would you like to know more about? Check the presentation for answers

1. Human BEHAVIOUR
Not a single action,
but a collection of unconscious (innate)and conscious (learned) actions over
time............helping us to adapt .....to survive
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RNDr. Miroslava Korenova PhD

2. Human BEHAVIOUR
 All living organisms - humans/animals/plants- are able to adapt to
changed environment:
but HOW?
 1. they get information about the condition of the inner body state(signals
from the inside – am I hungry? am I thirsty? ) and also
 2. they get information from the environment – (is there safe?, enough food?
water? predator?)
 3. then compare it with the information genetically stored in the nervous system
 4. if change is detected, optimal response is chosen to succeed/ survive
(go and find some food, water, shelter, social partner, ...)
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3. Human BEHAVIOUR
 Behavior is a response to an event or environmental change during
the course of the lifetime of an individual
 composes of inborn (innate) and learned responses
 Inborn responses are: unconditioned reflex, motivation, emotion and instinct
 Learned responses comprise of: habituation (senzitization), conditioned
response (clasical and operant conditioning), copying behavior, the game,
imprinting
 Both – inborn and learned responses significantly influence the final
behavioral outcome, where innate response can significantly influence the learned
response and vice versa
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4. Human BEHAVIOUR
Remember:
 Innate responses are always the same with minimal variablility (run
through the same scheme over generations)
Example: usually acitivities connected to basic living actions – searching for
food, shelter, social partner, grooming, feeding pups, ..
 Learned responses are gained through life by experience, have many
individual variables, even among the same species
Example: habituation - not to response to irrelevant (not harmful)auditory,
sensory stimuli – buzzer, flashlight, ...
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5. Human BEHAVIOUR
 Learning enables living organisms to use innate responses
in novel situations – to adapt to changing living conditions
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6. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Motivation
Do you know what is motivation?
Can you tell some examples of posistive or negative motivation?
What is motivation good for?
Say some stories about positive motivation you experienced...
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7. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Motivation
 Motivation is ones direction or an inner force which causes an object (human, animal)
wants to repeat a specific type of behavior
 Usually consists of two parts : activated seeking phase
consumatory phase (reaching the goal, liking)
examples:
I am hungry, therefore i am going to get some food
I want to be healthy, therefore I eat more vegetable and do exercise
I want to be a scientist, so I practise my knowledge about natural sciences
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8. 1.
Thoughts
2. Seeking
behaviors
4. Liking
3. Driven
performanc
e
Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Motivation
 Motivation scheme – closed
circle of actions
Motivation can be concieved
as a cycle in which thoughts
influence behavior, behavior
than drives performance and
performance affects thoughts
...and the cycle begins again...
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9. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Motivation
 Motivation can be divided into two incentive
types
 1. InTRINSIC – internal motivation
Comes from our inside. It is self desire to
observe and gain knowledge, seek out
new things and new challenges in the
absence of reward. Is long-lasting and
self-sustaining
Example: efforts of promoting student
learning, effort of young to explore novel
environment
love
having fun
creative
freedom
learning
self knowledge
passion
feel valued, loved
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10. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Motivation
 2. ExTRINSIC – external motivation
Comes from the outside of the individual.
It is activity performed in order to attain a
desired outcome. Common extrinsic
motivations are rewards for showing the
desired behavior or the thread of
punishment following misbehavior
Example: grades, diploms, trophy, money
Money, diplomas, grades,
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11. Draw your own carrot
How does it will look like??
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12. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Emotions
 What are emotions?
 Can you name some emotional states?
 Can you pretend some emotional face expressions ?
 What type of emotions do you prefer? – liking, disliking?
 What type of emotions do you experience the most, why?
 Try to imagine the world without emotions – describe how it will looks like..
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13. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Emotions
 Emotions are the colours of our life, they contribute to the richness of our
experience and imbue our actions with passion and character
 Emotional state has two components – PHYSICAL SENSATION and FEELING
EMOTION - used to refer only to the bodily state, mediated by subcortical structures – amygdala,
hypothalamus and the brain stem
FEELING – used to refer to conscious sensation, mediated by cerebral cortex
Example in situation:
 When you are threatened – you not only feel afraid (feeling) – but you also have
increased heart rate, shortened breath, sweaty palms, dryness of the mouth
(physical sensation)....
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14. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Emotions
 Emotions - The peripheral /physical (autonomic, motor)
component has preparatory and communicative function
- prepares organism as a whole for action
- prepares organism for particular behavior
- communicates emotions to others ( involves
muscles that control facial expressions and
body posture)
- regulated by brain structures called – hypothalamus and amygdala
Quality and intensity of emotions is controlled through cognitive processes
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15. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Feelings
 Feelings – The central component
has a role as cognitive translator of
ambiguous peripheral signals
 - It means that cerebral cortex
translates peripheral signals into
specific feelings
 - feelings are consistent with the
individuals expectations and social
context of situation
 Robert Plutchik – wheel of emotions
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16. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Emotions
 Traditional view of evocation and expression of emotion should comprise
of following sequences:
1. important event is recognized (house of fire)
2. recognition produces conscious emotional experience (fear)
3. experience triggers peripheral structures (heart, facial and limb
muscles, shortened breath, sweat)
4. final behavioral response is performed (run)
A conscious event initiates reflexive autonomic response in the body
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17. Human Innate BEHAVIOUR
Emotions- Summary
 Do you have your own example of emotional response?
 If emotions are colours of our life – what colour is your life? Draw
 Draw a face with expression of – happiness, fear, joy, love, surprise, anger
 Do you know what brain structures are responsible predominantly for emotions?
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18. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
Non associative learning
 Habituation
 The simplest form of learning in which an organism decreases response after
repeated irrelevant presentations (not paired with reward or punishment)
 organism learns to stop responding to stimulus which is no longer biologically
relevant
 very important in animal world
 Example:
A caged hamster becomes frightened when a person taps on its cage; however, when it
realizes that the taps pose no danger, it becomes used to hearing them
and stops responding
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19. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
Associative learning - CONDITIONING
 Classical conditioning
 Occurs when we pair something what is neutral (neutral stimulus -
brings no reaction – sound, picture, phrase, ) with something what has
natural reaction (salivation, eye blink, )
 Widely studied by I.P. Pavlov on dogs and children
Example:
A dog is starts to salivate when seeing a meat
A dog starts to salivate when hearing a bell
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20. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
Associative learning - CONDITIONING
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Classical conditioning by I.P. Pavlov
A neutral event, such as ringing a bell
(a neutral stimulus, NS) could be associated
with another event that followed - in this case,
being fed (known as the unconditioned
stimulus, UCS). This association could be
created through repeating the neutral
stimulus along with the unconditioned
stimulus, which would become a conditioned
stimulus, leading to a conditioned response:
salivation.

21. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
Associative learning - CONDITIONING
 Let us try the Classical conditioning in the classroom:
stimulus the teacher instructs the class to
quiet down
Clasps 3x
No response
No response
conditioning 3x clasps – plus instruction No response
conditioned response 3x clasps – no instruction Quiet in the
classroom
(student behavior been
conditioned)
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22. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
Associative learning - CONDITIONING
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 Operant conditioning
 Occurs when we make a conscious choice to behave in a certain way –depending
on our previous (experience) association with positive or negative consequence
Example:
A rat is motivated to press a lever to obtain a food (positive - reinforcement)
A rat is motivated to press a lever to prevent electric shock (negative reinfor-cement)

23. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
Associative learning - CONDITIONING
 Picture of a rat in operant chamber
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Operant conditioning experiment – F.B.
Skinner
First you place a hungry rat into the operant
chamber – Skinner box. The box contains a
lever on the side and as the rat moves about
the box it will accidentally knocks the lever.
Immediately it do so a food pellet will drop
into a container next to the lever – and is
eaten by the rat. The rat quickly learnes to go
straight to the lever after a few times of being
put in the box (rat is positively reinforced).
The consequence of receiving food if it
presses the lever ensures that the rat would
repeat the action again and again.......
Reinforcement – behavior that is more likely to occur in the future
Punishment – behavior that is less likely to occur i the future
Extinction – particular behavior does not receive any response - therefore it extincts

24. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
associative learning - CONDITIONING
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 Operant conditioning in the daily life - examples:
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
 A teacher complimenting students (or giving candy, stickers, rewards, red dots,
etc....)when they answer correctly - will increase that behaviour.
 POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
 A teacher criticizes (adds black dots, extra homework,...) students when they do not
answer correctly or their behaviour is undesirable - will decrease that behaviour.

25. Human Learned BEHAVIOUR
associative learning - CONDITIONING
You are adding st. You are withdrawing st.
Behavior is more likely to
occur
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Behavior is less likely to
occur
Positive punishment Negative punishment
extinction Behavior does not
receive any
reinforcement
It extincts
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26. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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27.  References:
Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. 1., & Jessell, T. M. (2000). Principles of neural science(4th
ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
Hall, John E.Guyton, Arthur C. (2011) Guyton and Hall textbook of medical
/Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier,.
Danny Pettry – Exploring emotions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation
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