3. HOMOSEXUALITY
⦿ Homosexuality can refer to both
attraction or sexual behavior between
organisms of the same sex, or to a sexual
orientation.
⦿ It refers to enduring sexual and romantic
attraction towards those of the same sex,
but not necessarily to sexual behavior.
4. ⦿ Homosexuality is contrasted with
heterosexuality (attraction, behavior, or
orientation between opposite sexes),
bisexuality (both sexes), and asexuality
(neither sex).
5. ⦿ Etymologically, the word homosexual is a
Greek and Latin hybrid with homo (often
confused with the later Latin meaning of
"man", as in homo sapiens) deriving from
the Greek word for same, thus connoting
sexual acts and affections between
members of the same sex, including
lesbianism.
6. ⦿ Generally, and most famously in ancient
Greece, erotic attraction and sexual
pleasure between males has been an
ingrained, accepted part of the cultural
norm. However, particular sexual activities
(such as receptive anal sex in some
cultures, or oral sex in others) were
disapproved of, even as other aspects
were admired.
7. ⦿ In cultures under the sway of Abrahamic
religions, the law and the church
established sodomy as a transgression
against divine law, a "crime against nature"
practiced by choice, and subject to severe
penalties, including capital punishment—
often inflicted by means of fire so as to
purify the unholy action.
8. ⦿ In the last two decades of the nineteenth
century, a different view began to predominate
in medical and psychiatric circles, judging such
behavior as indicative of a type of person with
a defined and relatively stable sexual
orientation.
⦿ Karl-Maria Kertbeny coined the term
homosexual in 1869 in a pamphlet arguing
against a Prussian anti-sodomy law. Richard
von Krafft-Ebing's 1886 book Psychopathia
Sexualis elaborated on the concept.
9. ⦿ In 1897, British physician Havelock Ellis
published similar views in his influential
book Sexual Inverasion.
10. ⦿ In the course of the twentieth century,
homosexuality became a subject of
considerable study and debate in Western
societies, especially after the modern gay
rights movement began in 1969.
⦿ The legal and social status of people who
perform homosexual acts or identify as gay
or lesbian varies enormously across the
world and in places remains hotly
contested in political and religious debate
12. GENDER ISSUES BESETTING THE
WORLD TODAY
⦿ The World Bank is committed to making
gender equality central to its fight against
poverty. After many years of research and
on-the ground experience, the importance
of gender equality for reducing poverty can
no longer be questioned.
13. ⦿ The Bank also believes that helping women
and men become equal partners in
development, and giving them equal voice and
better access to resources, are important
development objectives in their own right.
⦿ Poor people across the world suffer from
multiple liabilities: lack of food and adequate
shelter, victimization by landlords, and a sense
of hopelessness in the face of overwhelming
odds, to name a few.
14. ⦿ Gender inequalities add additional costs,
not only to women, but to children, men,
and the society as a whole. We know that
domestic violence disables women, leads
to a loss of income, increases what society
spends on health care—and unwittingly
teaches children to find violent rather than
peaceful solutions to problems.
15. ⦿ When girls are prevented from attending
school and are denied the gifts of literacy
and numericacy, as women they will have
fewer opportunities for employment, will be
less likely to participate in important
decisions, and will be less able to prevent
unwanted pregnancies and ensure the
survival of the children they bear.
16. ⦿ Gender issues and stereotypes also affect
men: In many societies with high male
unemployment, alcoholism and male
mortality have increased rapidly, something
that harms men, women, and children.
17. ⦿ Since the 1995 Beijing Fourth World
Conference on Women, the World Bank
has sought to give ownership to the poor
and marginalized in the fight against
poverty. Coalitions for change have been
built with partners in civil society,
governments, the private sector, and the
development community.
18. ⦿ The World Bank is responding to the
voices of women—and men—in the fight to
end poverty and improve human well-
being. We regard these efforts as the
continuation of our program to incorporate
gender considerations into all aspects of
our work. In the next five years, we hope to
build on our achievements to date and, in
concert with our partners, help all men and
women build lives of dignity, free from
want.
19. THE POLICY RESEARCH REPORT ON
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
⦿ The Policy Research Report on gender
and development, which is based on
existing and newly commissioned
research, focuses on the links between
gender inequality, public policy, and
development.
⦿ The report makes three important points:
Disparities between men and women in
basic rights, access to resources, and
power exist in all countries of the world,
although the extent and nature of these
disparities vary across countries.
20. ⦿ Empirical studies show that societies that
discriminate on the basis of gender tend to
experience more poverty, slower economic
growth, and a lower quality of life than
societies in which gender inequality is less
pronounced.
21. ⦿ Societies that simultaneously provide the
same basic rights for women and men,
create institutions supportive of gender
equality, and promote economic growth are
more effective in reducing gender
disparities than societies that focus on
growth alone.
⦿ One lesson from past experience has
been that educating girls is one of the most
effective ways to promote development.
22. ⦿ But research described in the report
shows that school attendance rates for girls
relative to those for boys are highest in
countries where both incomes and gender
equality in rights are relatively high.
23. The report also discusses the policies that are
most effective in promoting gender equality. It
emphasizes the importance of taking a
comprehensive approach to the problem of
gender inequality by strengthening institutions,
promoting economic growth and development,
and establishing active programs where
needed.
The report recommends a three-part strategy
of public action:
Establishing supportive legal, economic, and
social institutions, including a focus on equal
rights.
24. ⦿ When a society ensures that its citizens
have basic legal, social, and economic
rights, it provides them with the
opportunity, security, and power they need
to direct their own lives.
25. ⦿ UNIFEM works to foster women's
empowerment and gender equality
throughout the world.
⦿
⦿
⦿
UNIFEM has identified four strategic areas
that are of critical concern for the
achievement of gender equality and
women's empowerment and which guide
our work:
Reducing feminized poverty
Ending violence against women
26. ⦿ Reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS
among women and girls
⦿ Achieving gender equality in democratic
governance in times of peace as well as
war.
⦿ UNIFEM places the advancement of
women's human rights at the centre of all
its efforts.
⦿ All UNIFEM programmed contribute to
achieving the Millennium Development
Goals.
27. GENDER ISSUES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
⦿ There are several women's issues in
education, training and employment in the
Philippines. During the study tour in
October, 2006; the level of effectiveness
and necessity of TESDA Women's Center
was examined. Gender issues and TESDA
Women's Center's functions and objectives
are to be introduced.
28. ⦿ In the Philippines, there is a limited access
of women to non-traditional technical-
vocational courses, such as automotive
technology, industrial electrician, building
wiring electrician and others. Besides,
there is a low absorption rate of women in
the labor market; while the labor force
participation rate for males is 82 percent, it
is 50.36 percent for females.
29. ⦿ The total share of employment is 62.2
percent for males and 37.8 percent for
females. Inadequate social protection for
women and lack of promotion of women's
welfare is also an issue in the Philippines.
⦿ The Governments of the Philippines and
Japan began in 1993 regarding the
construction of a women's vocational
training center in the Philippines.
30. ⦿ The TESDA Women's Center aims at
developing highly skilled, globally
competitive women workers and forges a
conductive environment that expands
women's choices.
⦿ The available pre- employment training
programs are mentioned below:
⦿ General Automotive Mechanic Course
⦿ 2. Jewelry Making
31. ⦿ 3. Ceramics
⦿ 4. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
⦿ 5. Consumer Electronics
⦿ 6. Food Processing
⦿ 7. Gifts, Toys and House wares
⦿ 8. Hotel
32. GENDER IDENTITY
⦿ Gender identity (or core gender identity) is
a person's own sense of identification as male
or female.
⦿ It was originally a medical term used to
explain sex reassignment procedures to the
public.
⦿ The term is also found in psychology, often as
core gender identity. Sociology, gender
studies and feminism are still inclined to refer
to gender identity, gender role and erotic
preference under the catch-all term gender.
33. ⦿ Gender identity is affected by "genetic,
prenatal hormonal, postnatal social, and
postpubertal hormonal determinants.“
Biological factors include the influence of
testosterone and gene regulation in brain
cells. Social factors are primarily based on
the family, as gender identity is thought to
be formed by the third year of life.
