Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases and disorders. The objectives are to study disease development and causative agents, the interaction between plants and pathogens, and disease management strategies. Significant historical plant diseases include wheat smut in 1900 BC, the Irish potato famine of 1845-46, and coffee rust in Sri Lanka in the 1800s. The history of plant pathology began with early observations of diseases but progressed with key discoveries and experiments, including Leeuwenhoek developing the first microscope in 1675, Micheli studying fungal spores in 1729, Tillet showing wheat smut was infectious in 1755, Prevost observing microorganisms cause disease in 1807, De Bary proving Phytophthora
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
Classification of chromista and description about important diseases especially Pythium and Phytophthora and their general characters and life cycles will give us an detail description and idea about diseases comes under this group
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Damping-off |Symptoms, Causes, Control and Management Mamoona Ghaffar
It's an overview about most prevalent plant disease attack on seedlings .the disease incidence is dependent more upon the conditions under which the seedlings are grown than upon the particular species of plant concerned.
Classification of chromista and description about important diseases especially Pythium and Phytophthora and their general characters and life cycles will give us an detail description and idea about diseases comes under this group
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
the uploaded subject "introduction to plant pathogens/ pathology" is deals with plant diseases which is caused by plant pathogens like fungi, bacteria, virus, phytoplasma, spiroplasma and viroids etc. and also provides basic information regarding all plant pathogens and their characters and life cycles
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. Learning objectives
In this presentation you will learn to:
The word pathology
Objectives of plant pathology
Significant of plant diseases
History of plant pathology
4. Introduction
Plant pathology is the study of the plant diseases and disorders of plants. Plant diseases and
disorders make the plant to suffer, either kill or reduce their ability to survive or reproduce.
5. Term
The term ‘Pathology’ is derived from two Greek words ‘pathos’ and ‘logos’, ‘pathos’ means
suffering and ‘logos’ means to study.
Therefore pathology means “study of suffering”. Thus plant pathology or phytopathology (Gr.
Phyton = plant) is a branch of biology that deals with the study of suffering plants.
6. Objectives
Plant pathology has four major objectives
I. To study diseases/disorders caused by biotic and abiotic agents
II. To study mechanism of disease development
III. To study the interaction between plant and the pathogen in relation to overall
environment
IV. To develop suitable management strategy to surmount the diseases and to reduce the
loss
7. Significant of plant diseases
Fossil evidence indicates that plants were affected by disease 250 million years ago. The plant
disease have been associated with many important events in the history of mankind on the earth.
Wheat smut has been recorded as early as 1900 BC which reduced the yields of the grains used for
making bread.
8. Holy fire or St. Anthony’s fire
After the decline of the Roman Empire, poor people
relied on rye bread as their primary food source.
People who ate the bread made from rye flour
inadvertently ground with ergot suffered from
gangrene due to severe constriction in blood vessel.
Hands and feet literally fall of producing a disease
namely ‘Holy fire or St. Antony’s fire’.
St. Antony’s fire
Ergot
Gangrene feet
9. Late blight of potato
A series of wet and cool condition in the 1840’s led to the outbreak of
disease epidemic called ‘late blight of potato’ which completely
destroyed crop and caused severe potato losses in Northern Europe;
that resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of people and
emigration of more than one and half million people from Ireland to
the United States. This disease outbreak caused the great ‘Irish
famine’ during 1845 and 1846.
Irish farmers
Effect of Late blight of potato
10. Sri Lanka (Ceylon)
Sri Lanka used to produce maximum coffee in
the world. In 1867 coffee rust attacked the
plantations in Sri Lanka and by 1893 the
export of coffee from Sri Lanka had declined
by 93 percent.
Monoculture - coffee
Coffee seeds
11. Cassava Mosaic disease
Cassava Mosaic disease often results in 15 to 24%
storage root yield losses storage root yield losses of
cassava annually across Sub-Saharan Africa, which is
equivalent to an annual loss of US 1.2 to 2.3 billion and
this led to starvation death of nearly 3,000 people in
Uganda during 1994.
Storage effect
In the field
12. History of Plant Pathology
Ancient Era
The ancient Romans created rust god ‘Robigus’, goddess ‘Robigo’ and
sacrificed red colored animals such as dogs, foxes, and cows during the
festival called Robigalia.
People in those days thought that disease were produced
spontaneously and and believed in theory of spontaneous generation.
Robigalia festival
13. First microscope
1675 Dutch worker Anto Van Leeuwenhoek
developed the first microscope. In 1683 he
described bacteria seen with this microscope.
Leeuwenhoek First microscope
14. Reproductive part of fungus
In 1729 Antonio Micheli (Italian) was the first scientist who
studied fungi and saw their spores under the microscope. He
also proved that if these spores are placed on a piece of fruit
they grow into a new thallus of the fungus.
Micheli
15. Wheat Smut
1755 Mathieu Tillet (French) working with smutted wheat, showed that he
could increase the number of wheat plants developing covered smut by
dusting wheat kernels before planting with smut dust, i.e., with smut
spores. He also noted that he could reduce the number of smutted wheat
plants produced by treating the smut treated kernels with copper sulfate.
He concluded that wheat smut is an infectious plant disease, he believed
that it was a poisonous substance contained in the smut dust
Tillet
16. Microorganism
In 1807 Pierre Prevost (French) observed smut
spores from untreated and treated wheat seed
under the microscope and noticed that those
from untreated seed germinated and grew
whereas those from treated seed failed to
germinate. He proved that disease are caused by
microorganisms.
Prevost Teliospore
17. Phytophthora infestans
In 1853 Anton De Bary (Germany) confirmed the
finding of Prevost. In 1861 he experimentally
proved that the fungus Phytophthora infestans
was the cause of late blight of potato.
Anton De Bary Late blight of potato
18. Germ Theory
In 1861 Louis Pasteur (French) proved that
microorganisms were produced from pre-
existing microorganisms and that most infectious
diseases were caused by germs.
He proved that food spoiled because of
contamination by invisible bacteria, not because
of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur Food spoiled
19. Artificial nutrient
In 1887 Richard Petri (Germany), who developed
artificial nutrient media for culturing the
microorganisms (Petri dishes)
Richard Petri Petri dishes
20. Certain microorganism
In 1887 Robert Koch (Germany), who established that for proving
that a certain microorganism was the cause of a particular
infectious disease, certain necessary steps (Koch’s postulates) must
be carried out and certain conditions must be satisfied.
Robert Koch
21. Questions
What are the contributions of
a) Leeuwenhoek
b) Micheli
c) Tillet
d) Prevost
e) De Bary
f) Louis Pasteur