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1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
CYSTITIS
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
Jorge Pacheco
Angie Chamba
Sonia Quijilema
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

2. CYSTITIS
INTRODUCTION
Many women know the symptoms of cystitis (a urinary tract infection, or UTI) only
too well: frequent trips to the bathroom and a stinging and burning sensation when
passing urine. Although these symptoms are often very unpleasant, there are effective
treatments. Uncomplicated cystitis usually clears up without any problems.
Unfortunately, there is no sure-fire way to reliably prevent cystitis. And a lot of the
common strategies women may use in day-to-day life have not yet been scientifically
tested.
This article is about acute cystitis – a bladder infection often also referred to as a urinary
tract infection (UTI). It is not about chronic bladder problems such as interstitial
cystitis. It also doesn't include information about treating cystitis in pregnant women.
SYMPTONS
People who have cystitis have to pass urine more often, and this can be associated with
a stinging and burning pain. So not only do they have to go to the bathroom more
frequently, but doing so can also be very unpleasant.
Many women find that the pain is worse when their bladder is almost or completely
empty. The urge to pass urine often comes very suddenly and they quickly need to get
to the bathroom – but in most cases only a small amount of urine comes out. Some
women have difficulty holding back urine, which can be very distressing. The urine
may be cloudy and have an unusual color and smell. It may have visible blood in it too.
The pain sometimes radiates into the entire abdomen or up into the back. Severe cystitis
can make you feel generally unwell, sluggish and irritable as well as disrupting your
sleep.
CAUSES

3. Uncomplicated cystitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the
bladder. It normally develops when bacteria get into the urethra, move up into the
bladder and multiply there.
RISK FACTORS
Sexual intercourse increases the risk of getting cystitis because that increases the
likelihood of bacteria entering the urethra. Sperm-killing agents (spermicides) and
contraceptive diaphragms can also increase the risk somewhat.
Pregnant women are more likely to get cystitis. Other risk groups include people who
have a urinary catheter or anatomical changes in their urinary tract, as well as people
who have diabetes, multiple sclerosis or a urological disease.
Women who have already had cystitis are more likely to get it again. It is also more
common after menopause.
PREVALENCE
Woman are much more likely to get cystitis than men because their urethra is shorter,
which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. More than half of all women
have cystitis at least once in their lifetime. Half of all women who have had acute
cystitis develop it again within one year.
EFFECTS
In uncomplicated cystitis, symptoms are limited to the lower urinary tract (the bladder
and the urethra) and there are no risk factors that increase the likelihood of a severe
infection or long-term damage. Uncomplicated cystitis is easy to treat and usually goes
away without any problems.
It is considered to be a more complicated case of cystitis if, for instance, treatment with
the usual antibiotics doesn't help enough. Or if there is an increased risk of the infection
spreading to the kidneys. If bacteria travel up the ureters and into the kidneys, they can
cause an inflammation of the renal pelvis called pyelonephritis.

4. The risk groups for complicated cystitis include people with a weakened immune
system or a kidney condition. Changes or anatomical abnormalities in the urinary tract
also increase the likelihood of complications.
The main signs that an inflammation has spread to the kidneys are:
Pain in the area of the kidneys (flank pain)
Fever
Sometimes nausea and vomiting too
Pyelonephritis can be dangerous and should be treated quickly to avoid further health
problems. But it is very rare.
DIAGNOSIS
Doctors can assess whether or not it is uncomplicated cystitis based on your symptoms
and medical history. A urine sample can also be tested for bacteria, white and red blood
cells, proteins and nitrite (a salt that can serve as an indirect indicator of bacteria). But
this test is usually not needed if the symptoms are clear.
Ultrasound can be used to examine your kidneys and bladder. Ultrasounds are generally
only needed in complicated cases or if your doctor believes you may have developed
pyelonephritis. Cystoscopies or x-rays are also done in very rare cases, such as when a
woman has severe cystitis that keeps coming back. A cystoscopy is a procedure that
involves inserting a tube with a small camera at the end of it (an endoscope) into the
urethra and guiding it through to the bladder. The camera produces images showing
any changes in the wall of the bladder.
PREVENTION
Sometimes cystitis comes "out of the blue" and it is not clear what has caused it. But
many women notice over time that certain factors in their everyday lives increase their

5. odds of getting cystitis. If avoiding those factors isn't enough to make a difference, and
they still have recurrent cystitis, medication is an option.
Some medicines can prevent cystitis from recurring – but you need to take them
regularly and they can have side effects.
TREATMENT
For many women, cystitis is a one-time unpleasant problem. In others, it may keep
coming back. Antibiotics have been proven to effectively relieve acute cystitis, and
they usually work quickly. There are also some home remedies that may help, like
drinking plenty of fluids or applying heat. Herbal products are available too.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
J. Mensa Pueyo. "Infections of the urinary tract", Farreras, V. Rozman, C, Internal
Medicine, Barcelona-Spain, Elsevier, 2016, Vol. 1, p., 861 - 868