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UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
DISEASE OF THE
MOUTH CAVITY
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

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Disease of the Mouth Cavity
Definition
The mouth is one of the most important parts of your body. It fulfills many different
functions. It allows:
 Consume foods and liquids
 Inhale and exhale air
 Begin digestion, with your teeth chewing food and your salivary glands
producing saliva that helps soften food
 Talk and sing
 Show emotions, such as smiling or pouting
Any problem that affects your mouth can make it hard for you to eat, drink or even
smile. Some common problems of the mouth are:
 Cold sores: Painful sores on the lips and around the mouth caused by a virus
 Canker sores: Painful ulcers in the mouth, caused by bacteria or viruses
 Muguet or oral candidiasis: Candida infection that causes white patches in the
mouth
 Leukoplakia: White patches formed by excess cellular growth in the mucosa
of the cheeks, gums or tongue, common in smokers
 Dry mouth: Lack of enough saliva, caused by some medicines and diseases
 Problems in the gums or teeth
 Bad breath

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The treatment of mouth disorders varies depending on the problem. If the problem of
the mouth is caused by another condition, treating that disease can help. It is
important to keep your mouth clean by brushing and flossing frequently, and avoid
tobacco.
Etiology
Different investigations have shown that more than 120 systemic diseases originate in
the oral cavity. Oral diseases have been associated with nutritional compromise,
cancer, xerostomia, pneumonia, bacteremia, emphysema, heart problems, diabetes,
complications in surgery, among others. Oral diseases increase the risk of chronic
diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and
respiratory diseases. On the other hand, the epidemiological surveillance of oral
pathologies acquires importance insofar as it provides useful elements for the
planning, programming, organization, integration, control and direction of the Oral
Health Program, which guides the attention to the population.
According to the National Health Program 2007-2012 and the current regulations in
our country, the System for Epidemiological Surveillance of Oral Pathologies is
presented
(SIVEPAB), to monitor this group of diseases within those considered non-
communicable. The system is based on a model that proposes three phases: the first,
the permanent, will obtain information from patients who come to receive dental care,
mainly to the first level services of the Health Sector; the second, the survey,
will study the population through population groups by using a sampling frame for
last, that of special investigations, which will arise from the problems detected
in the previous phases.
Signs and symptoms
Among the signs and symptoms are:
 A sore that does not heal

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 A sore that bleeds
 Growth, bulging or thickening of the skin or lining of the mouth
 Loose teeth
 Dentures that do not fit well
 Pain in the tongue
 Pain or stiffness in the jaw
 Pain or difficulty chewing
 Pain or difficulty swallowing
 Sore throat
Diagnosis
Periodontal diseases do not usually cause severe pain or discomfort. The most
frequent symptom is spontaneous bleeding or during tooth brushing, although it is
less evident in smokers. Pus may also appear on the gum, bad taste or bad mouth
odor, redness of the gums, receding of the gums and appearance of longer tooth,
appearance of spaces between the teeth or changes of position of these,
hypersensitivity to thermal changes ( especially the cold), pain, mobility of the teeth.
In any case, the diagnosis of certainty can only be made by the dentist or the
periodontist (specialist dentist in treating gum problems). By means of a meter that
we call a probe, it is evaluated if the periodontal tissues are superficially inflamed
(gingivitis) and if there has been a loss of supporting tissues (periodontitis). It may
also be necessary to take x-rays to confirm the findings. The diagnosis can be
complemented by microbiological analysis (to identify pathogenic bacteria), or by
genetic analysis (to assess what susceptibility the individual has to the disease).
Treatment
In the case of gingivitis, it is necessary to clean bacteria that have accumulated, by
removing dental plaque and dental calculus (also called tartar or tartar, which is the
mineralized plate). This treatment, called professional prophylaxis (or scaling, or
"mouth cleaning"), is performed by dental professionals, both dental hygienists,

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dentists or periodontists. In addition, it is essential to explain how teeth and gums
should be brushed to keep them clean, and that gingivitis does not recur.
In periodontitis, the treatment is organized in two phases. In the first phase, also
called the basic phase of treatment, the bacteria in the periodontal pockets will be
removed by scaling and root planing (incorrectly called curettage), which involves
cleaning the bacteria, plaque and calculus of the roots of the teeth. Sometimes, this
phase of treatment is accompanied by the use of antibiotics.
However, in aggressive or advanced diseases, it is necessary to perform a second
phase of treatment, which will consist of accessing these deep periodontal pockets.
This phase is called periodontal surgery. Occasionally, during periodontal surgery,
techniques of regeneration of lost bone can also be applied locally. When the active
treatment ends, the disease must be controlled. At this moment the maintenance phase
begins, which is a fundamental stage of periodontal treatment and the only way to
achieve control of periodontitis in the long term. The basic and surgical phases are
very effective in controlling bacteria and achieving periodontal health, but these
bacteria tend to recolonize the periodontal pocket from other buccal reservoirs and, if
not acted appropriately, the disease tends to reappear after a few months.
At each maintenance visit, the dentist, the periodontist or the dental hygienist will
carry out protocolized actions consisting of the following points: verification of the
clinical situation tooth by tooth; evaluation of oral hygiene and elimination of
calculus and bacteria individually, according to the situation of the different areas of
the mouth. It is important to emphasize that periodontal maintenance is not only a
professional prophylaxis ("mouth cleaning"), but it is an individualized medical
action adapted to the needs of each patient.
The frequency of maintenance is defined for each particular case, but it usually varies
between visits every 3 to 6 months.
Prevention

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There is no proven way to prevent mouth cancer. However, you can follow these tips
to reduce the risk of mouth cancer:
Stop using tobacco or do not start doing it. If you use tobacco, stop doing it. If you do
not use tobacco, do not start. Consuming tobacco, whether you smoke it or chew it,
exposes the cells of the mouth to dangerous carcinogenic chemicals.
If you drink alcohol, let it be in moderation. Excessive and frequent consumption of
alcohol can irritate the cells of the mouth and make them vulnerable to mouth cancer.
If you decide to drink alcohol, limit consumption to one drink per day if you are a
woman or two drinks per day if you are a man.
Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables. Take a diet based on many fruits and
vegetables. The vitamins and antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables can help
reduce the risk of mouth cancer.
Avoid excessive exposure to the sun on the lips. Stay in the shade whenever possible
to protect the skin from the lips against the sun. Wear a hat with a wide brim that
protects your entire face, including your mouth. Include the use of a sunscreen for the
lips as part of the routine of your sun protection regimen.
Consult your dentist regularly. As part of the routine dental examination, ask your
dentist to examine your entire mouth to detect any abnormalities that may indicate
precancerous and cancerous changes in the mouth.
Bibliography
 Clément P., Le Guyadec T., Zalagh M., Gauthier J., N'Zouba L., Kossowski
M. Oral and nasosinusal manifestations of specific infectious diseases. EMC,
Otolaryngology, 20-373-A-10, 2005.
 Amir J, Harel L, Smetana Z, Varsano I. The natural history of primary herpes
simple type 1 gingivostomatitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1999; 16: 259-
263.
 Krain LS, Terasaki I, Newcomer VD, Mikey MR. Increased frequency of
HLAA10 in pemphigus vulgaris. Arch Dermatol, 1973; 108: 803-805.