CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating II

CSMT 442: Cost and Estimating II
Reflection Paper (5%): 1-2 pages-Single space
Critically think, analyze, and present a review of what is
covered throughout the semester. State
the importance of what you have learned and how you can/plan
to incorporate them in your
career in the construction industry. Additionally, you can rate
on 1-10 point scale your
understanding of the various aspects of the course covered
and/or how you feel confident with
them in application and beyond. Be sincere and detailed as
much as possible in your discussion,
including the online/virtual portion of the second part of the
semester (5% of your course
grade).
6210 Week 11 Discussion: How To Complete The Discussion
Requirement

Review the Week 11 Course Materials.
Use the General Social Survey (GSS) dataset for this Discussion
Identify a categorical (nominal or ordinal) independent variable
and a categorical dependent variable.
Write a research question for a Chi-Square Test of
Independence. Use this format:
- What is the relationship between (state the IV) and (state
the DV)?
Write the null hypothesis. Use this format:
-There is no relationship between (state the IV) and (state the
DV).
State the research design. Here are your choices:
-Descriptive
-Correlational
-Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental
-Experimental
Use SPSS to answer the research question. Here’s how:
-Open the GSS data set, select Analyze, select Descriptive
Statistics, select Crosstabs, drag your IV into the Rows box,
drag your DV into the Columns box, Click on Statistics, select
Chi-square and Phi and Cramer’s V, select Continue, select
Cells, select Observed, Rows, Columns and Totals, select
Continue and OK.
-Review the Asymptotic Significance value in the Pearson Chi -
Square row of the Chi-Squared Tests SPSS Output and decide to

reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Remember, if the Sig. value is less than .05, reject the null and
if the Sig. value is greater than .05, fail to reject the null.
-If you reject the null and determine that the Chi-Square is
statistically significant, report and explain (weak, medium,
strong) the effect size. Use the Cramer’s V value in the
Symmetric Measures box for effect size
If you fail to reject the null and find that the Chi-Square is not
statistically significant, then there is no need to report or
explain the effect size.
3/2/2021
1
Site works-Excavation
Lecture 7
2
Division 2 – Existing
Conditions

Materials
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3
BCN 5618 4
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5
Division 31 - Earthwork

6
Earthwork
be hauled)
Where?)
(who is responsible for?)
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4
7
Type of Soil

8
Calculating Excavation
1.25 cy after digging (loose yards) = 0.9 cy
after compaction (compacted yards)
inkage factor = compacted yard/bank
yard
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5
9
10
Equipment

short distances only up to about 150 ft.
-tired scrapes are excellent for
earthmoving up to 1.5 miles.
economic range of rubber-tired scrapers.
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11
Equipment Selection
cohesive soil in lifts of about 6 in or less.
and vibratory rollers are designed to use this method. It
is normally a steel wheel roller with an auxiliary device to
provide vibration to the roller.
llers, impart a kneading action as well
as vertical pressure on the soil being compacted. They

are good for sands, gravels, or those materials in
combination with some cohesive material.
12
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7
13
New site grades and rough grading
g and filling to reshape the grade
cut or fill for each of the grids
e is divided into stations
14
3/2/2021

8
15
Labeling Convention
16
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17
Fill Volume (Grid 13)
18
Cut Volume (Grid 40)
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19
Cut and Fill (Grid 10)
20

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21
22
New site grades and rough grading
ing and filling to reshape the grade
averaged and multiplied by the distance between
the two stations.
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23
Road Site Plan
24

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25
Cut Area Calculation
26
Topsoil Removal
parking areas: 1' to 2'
-end
loader
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27

General Excavation
in fairly large quantities using power equipment
(basement, cut for a highway, ..)
' on all sides of the footing to allow
workers to install and remove forms
repose)
28
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29
Typical Excavation
30
Special Excavation
ns of the work that require hand
excavation or special equipment other
than general excavation (footing holes,
small trenches)

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31
Backfilling
the building within the area of excavation.
r compaction is required
32
Backfill Section
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33
Excess and Borrow
be disposed of
must be borrowed

away
BCN 5618 34
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BCN 5618 35
BCN 5618 36
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37
Division 32 – Exterior
Improvements

38
Spreading Topsoil, Finish
Grade
the rough grade to make it a finish grade.
If the volume is not sufficient, it will have
to be purchased.
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39
Asphalt Paving
course and type of materials required (inches)
asphalt, granular materials, and subgrade

materials.
40
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41
Landscaping
square, area to be covered)
lled)
species)
guarantee period
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1
Metals
Lecture 10

2
Division 5 - Metals
l Studs
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3
Structural Steel
purlins, bracing, bearing plates, …

e: A36 (carbon steel), A572 (high
strength), A242 & A588 (high strength,
corrosion resistant)
angle, structural tee, plate, tube, HSS …
4
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5
Wide Flange Beam
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7
Wide Flange and S shapes
8

Angles and Channels
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9
Structural Tee
10
Bars, Plates, and Tubes
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11
Built-up Sections
BCN 5618 12
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13

BCN 5618 14
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15
Structural Metal Framing
m:
Steel Construction (AISC) specifications
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Structural Metal Framing
Metal Joists

onforms to Steel Joist Institute
specifications
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19
Metal Joists (open web steel
joists)
trusses that are available in different series:
- spans to 56’ (short span)
– spans to 96’ (long-span)
– spans to 144’ (deep long-
span)
number, the heavier the joist)
Metal Joists

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Metal Joists
22
Open web steel joist
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23
Span Length
Metal Joist Bracing
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25
Joist Girder
26

Quantity takeoff
joist, use manufacturer’s table to find the
weight per ft and total weight.
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27
Horizontal Bridging
28
Diagonal Bridging
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29

End Anchorage - Beam
30
End Anchorage - Wall
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BCN 5618 31
32
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33
Metal Decking
applications.
of metal, finish required, and method of
attachment

Erection
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35
36
Type of Decking
acoustical finishes

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37
Steel Deck Units
38
Finish, thickness and gage
Thickness: 1.5” (most common) 3”, 4.5”,
6”, and 7.5”

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39
Cold Formed Metal Framing
-formed steel is created by bending
thin material such as steel sheet or plate into
the desired shape without heating.
40
Cold-formed steel
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41
Metal Studs
-load
bearing and 18 to 12 for load bearing)

cold-formed steel.
2 ½ ,
3 ½ , 4, and 6 inches.
42
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Miscellaneous Metals
3/2/2021

1
Labor and Equipment
Lecture 5
2
Labor
involved
what pay rates.
the hour.
r for one hour
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2
3
Factors Affecting Labor
Estimate -1

allowances must be made for pay increase
workers
rk available and
workers are scarce, labor costs will most
likely go up
BCN 5618 4
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3
5
Factors Affecting Labor
Estimate - 2
- Any weather extremes
will slow down work and may require
additional precautions
t, cold, snow, windy
space, and difficult delivery situations affect
productivity

6
Breakdown of a Typical
Craftworker’s Hour
Waiting 29%
Traveling 13%
Instructions 8%
Tools & materials 7%
Late starts/early quits 6%
Personal breaks 5%
Direct work 32%
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4
BCN 5618 7
8
Best Source

determine labor productivity is to check
the company’s past project records and
then consult with the general
superintendent
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Unions
weekends, and overtime
its including pension, health
insurance, vacation, holidays, and sick
leave
Unions

in rehiring past employee
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Unions
neighboring unions
and subcontractors to use union labor
12
Closed or Union Shop vs Open Shop
member

they must join the union
to perform the job
rictive than union
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13
Union vs non-union
than that of equally qualified nonunion worker,
because of work rule, lost time due to labor
disputes, nonworking job stewards, and paid
break periods.
and National Constructors Association (NCA)
represent contractors in negotiation with local
unions. Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC)
represents open shop contractors.
Fair Labor Standards Act

worked in excess of 40 hours per work week
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Fair Labor Standards Act
and overtime:
16
Pricing Labor
Quantity of work
Labor Cost = ---------------------- x Cost per hour
Productivity
Cost per hour = Base hourly cost + Payroll burden

Base Hourly Cost:
Union Scale (union contractors/contracts)
Nonunion Scale (open shop)
Prevailing Wages in the Area (federal projects)
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BCN 5618 17
Published
Productivity Rates
Figure 7.1
From Means Building
Construction Cost Data 2020.
Copyright RSMeans, Kingston,
MA 781-585-7880; All rights
reserved.
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19

Payroll Burden Items - 1
welfare costs, pension costs, and training.
-
20
Payroll Burden Items - 2
el Time
pm to 8 pm)
conditions)
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11
BCN 5618 21
“Bona Fide” Fringe Benefits
orkers’ compensation insurance
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Burdened Hourly Wage Rate
Burdened wage rate = Wages + Benefits
Billable hours

Sick leave
Pricing Labor
Labor cost = Adjusted labor hours
x Weighted average burdened wage rate
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Standard Crews
Figure 7.3
From Means Building
Construction Cost Data 2020.
Copyright RSMeans, Kingston,
MA 781-585-7880; All rights
reserved.
Equipment
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27

Equipment
shaping of the site, foundation excavation,
and hoisting and handling materials all
involve the use of a large number of highly
efficient and versatile equipment
the length of time they will have to be used
are an essential part of the estimator’s work
Equipment Costs
s

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Depreciation & Interest
(1+i)n - 1 (1+i)n - 1
where:
P = Purchase price
F = Salvage value
i = Interest rate
n = Useful life
Insurance, Taxes, and Storage

costs
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16
Fuel Cost
Fuel cost
= hp rating × Power utilization
× Use factor × Consumption rate
× Fuel cost
te:
-0.06 gallons per hp per hour
-0.07 gallons per hp per hour
Lubrication & Filters
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Tires

= Cost / Useful life
Repairs
ercentage of equipment cost spread
over useful life
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35
Equipment - 2
project may be owned, leased, or rented
by a contractor.
-provided
equipment to a project must be passed
on to the client in the form of equipment
charges that are included within a bid.

36
EQUIPMENT LEASING
time, usually approximating the economic life.
components are replaced completely by the
lease payments. Other fixed costs (taxes,
licenses, permits, insurance, parking and
storage) still remain. Operating costs are
also lessee's responsibility and will be
handled the same as for owned equipment.
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37
EQUIPMENT RENTAL
-term
equipment need. The rates per unit time are
higher than for leasing.
are included within the rental fee.
ormally are rental
agency responsibilities, as would be tires.

be the only operating costs (other than the
operator himself) to be paid by the renter.
38
Buy, Lease, or Rent
wn payment
or outright purchase
installment purchase plans
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39
Ownership
economic drain if the equipment is

underutilized, becomes obsolescent, or
is subject to frequent breakdown as so
often happens when kept too long.
Leasing versus Buying
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Leasing versus Buying
-term equipment needs
Renting versus Buying

d be rented when needed for a
short time
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Mobilization
44
Selecting Equipment
will influence both individual size and numbers of
production units.
certain job conditions.
attempt to use any available owned or on-hand
leased equipment.
etion date may
force use of larger numbers of sizes of equipment.

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45
46
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47
Loaders
configurations.
ly” maintained
48

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49
Backhoe Loaders
50
Other Equipment

demolition with attachments.
rades, shoulders, ditches, and backslopes;
maintenance of construction roads.
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51
52
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53
Cranes
important and widely used pieces of
erection equipment since they were first
invented.
at on an individual basis before a crane

is selected. All variables should be
considered.
54
Mobile Cranes
throughout the
job site and on
the highway.
follow a pre-
determined path.
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55
Mobile Cranes
where movement is necessary.
because they have to step back to lift
loads over the top of buildings. Usually
there is no room for this in a dense city
environment.
56

Latticed Boom Cranes
have a large range of potential uses to the
owner
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57
Lattic
58
Telescoping Cantilevered
Boom Cranes
3/2/2021

30
59
Telescoping Cantilevered
Boom Cranes
ickers,
zoom booms, or hydraulic cranes.
base.
another
needed, saving labor costs.
60
Tower Cranes
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61
Tower Cranes

virtually no height limit in the buildings
that they can build.
mobile cranes.
62
Crane Related Accidents
to crane and rigging equipment:
proper safety program and training.
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63
Equipment Productivity

Factors affecting rate of production of a
piece of equipment:
64
Determining Productivity
oductivity can be measured in two ways:
-site: It is measured over a sufficient period to establish
reasonably accurate figures.
-site: It is estimated based on productivity data that has
been generated from past company experience or which has
been made available from manufacturer. Manufacturer's
productivity rates are based on ideal conditions. Such rates
should be multiplied by a numerical efficiency factor.
3/29/2021

1
Lecture 11 - Wood
Lumber
easure
3/29/2021
2
Board Measure
Board Measure
N = P x T x W x L /12
(ft)
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3
Floor Framing
Wood Floor Joists
2 x 10s, 2 x 12s
-joists
I-joist
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Trimmers and Headers
Trimmers and Headers

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Bridging
Wall Framing
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Wall Framing
Bottom Plates

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Plates
wood when on concrete or masonry
Studs
length
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Studs

Corners
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Wall Intersections
Gable Ends
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Headers

Headers
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Headers
Exterior Wall Sheathing
-Oriented Strand Board)
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Ceiling Assembly

Roof Assembly
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Slope and Pitch
Rafters
roof

floor or ceiling joists
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Rafter Length
Collar Ties and Ridge Board
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Ridge
any overhang
Lookouts
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Roof Sheathing

subflooring and wall sheathing
Wood Trusses
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Wood Trusses
Wood Trusses
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Laminated Beams and Arches
Laminated Beams and Arches
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37

Exercise
the 10x12 studs are 10’ placed at 2.5’ on center, find the
amount of lumber needed for the studs if the door is 3.6’x 7.2’
2/15/2021
1
Lecture 3- The Estimate
Role of Estimating
– lose work
– lose money
success of the company
2/15/2021
2
3
To Bid or Not To Bid

services, the contractor finds out what
projects are out for bid and then must decide
which projects to submit a proposal for.
Typically they are considering the following
factors:
d bidding time
2/15/2021
3
To Bid or Not To Bid

Organization
to the extent that in unforeseen
circumstances, someone else may step in,
complete the estimate, and submit a proposal
on the project.
-to-date files
ust be
systematically done, neat, clear, and easy to
follow.
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Estimating Notebook
estimate prepared. It should be broken
down into several areas:

omissions sheets
Planning the
Estimate
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Planning the estimate
esponsible
Bar Chart Schedule
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Quantity Takeoff

Estimating Sheets
each item
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13
The Estimating Process - 1
firm has decided to bid a particular
project.
ments to be sure it is complete
wall sections to see what materials are being used

e project
14
most likely hold the key supervisory positions
if you get the job
ule
documents and attach the scope of work
2/15/2021
8
Site Investigation (Visit)

facilities
or underpinning
equipment location
union rules
Site Investigation (Visit)
deliver pricing
availability
the project
ing

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17
-mail) to subs and
suppliers and ask them to examine the
contract documents and provide quotation
insurance requirements to the appropriate
insurance and bond companies
18
sheets to the summary sheet
one go
over the figures with you)
overhead, and contingency

you have received all addenda
2/15/2021
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19
Ethics of Estimating
or behavior governing an individual or
group.
sincerely.
20
Bid Shopping
Sub’s low bid as a tool in the solicitation
of lower bids from other subcontractors
of the same trade.
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21

Bid Beating
“most favored sub” the opportunity to
beat a previously submitted low bid.
22
AGC Code of Ethical Conduct
be made known to another before the
award of subcontract, nor should the
contractor to secure a lower proposal
from another bidder use the figures of
one competitor.
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23
Ethics in Procurement
of the successful bid.
Specialty Contractors

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25
Materials
Deliver time
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27
Errors and Omissions

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Common Error to Check For
project
another
Common Error to Check For
including it in the sum
l productivity rates

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31
Errors and Omissions:
over drawings
drawings take precedence over scaled
measurements from drawings
ortant discrepancies should be
checked with the A/E office.
3/19/2021
1
Concrete
Lecture 8
Estimating Concrete

3/19/2021
2
Concrete Footings
:
walls
Concrete Footings
Volume = Length x Width x Depth

elements
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3
Placing Concrete
Typical Productive Rates
Type of Placement LHR/c.y.
Continuous Footing - Direct Chute 0.4
Spread Footings – Direct Chute 0.873
Drilled Piers 0.320
Formed Piers 0.873
Foundation Walls – Direct Chute 0.5
Grade Beams 0.4
Slab – Direct Chute 0.32
6
Reinforcing Steel
of coating

on the job
columns, etc.) separate
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Rebar Properties
Bar
Designation
Nominal
Diameter
Cross-sectional
Area
Weight
(pound per ft)
2 1/4” 0.05 0.167

3 3/8” 0.11 0.376
4 1/2” 0.20 0.668
5 5/8” 0.31 1.043
6 3/4” 0.44 1.502
7 7/8” 0.60 2.044
8 1” 0.79 2.670
9 1-1/8” 1.00 3.400
10 1-1/4” 1.27 4.303
11 1-3/8” 1.56 5.313
8
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9
Welded Wire Mesh
trans. spcg. gage long. x gage trans.
s

for 6x6 10/10
BCN 5618 10
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6
Reinforcing Productivity
Type of Placement Productivity Rate
(Labor Hrs/Ton)
Beams #3 to #7 22
Columns #3 to #7 24
Footings #4 to #7 15
Walls #3 to #7 11
Slab on Grade #3 to #7 13
Wire Mesh 1 per roll

Vapor Retarder
Sq. Ft of Vapor Barrier Labor Hour per
1,000 Sq. Ft.
Up to 1,000 1.5
1,000 to 5,000 1.25
Over 5,000 1
3/19/2021
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Accessories
14
Curing

days), favorable temperatures, and moisture.
Curing options are:
3/19/2021
8
Concrete Transportation
ggies

Forms
area
es
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17
Forms
responsibility of the general contractor.

t or purchase
than 30 sf
18
Forms
assemble, erect, strip, clean, and repair; and
equipment.
he cost of concrete wall forms:
-to-floor height
ed
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10
Form Productivity
Application Productivity Rate (Labor Hours per SFCA)
1 use 2 use 3 use 4 use
Foundation Wall
(Plywood) 0.44 0.28 0.25 0.22
Footings 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.07
Slab on Grade 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.8
Columns 0.180 0.146 0.143 0.140
Beams 0.2 0.18 0.15 0.14
Precast Concrete

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BCN 5618 21
22
Precast Concrete
t are cast in separate
forms and then placed in the structure.
-in-place concrete:
consistent finishes because of controlled
environment at the plant
apes may be
produced in a plant
either pretensioned or posttensioned.
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12

23
Precast Concrete (Unit)
noted
each different
size kept separately
special requirements must be noted
installation including welding, finishing of
concrete, and caulking must be determined.
Estimating Precast

2/20/2021
1
Overhead and Contingencies
Lecture 4
2
Overhead and Contingencies
rhead:
must be paid by the contractor. They are not
readily chargeable to one particular project.
directly to a particular branch of work, but are
required to construct the project.
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2
Home Office Overhead

es on office
2/20/2021

3
magazines
ns
staff
dues
6
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Job Overhead

ct overhead
Job Overhead Includes
superintendent

and cranes
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5

pment
property

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Winter conditions
12
Scheduling
overhead expenses.
approximate length of time for the
project as the basis for estimate.
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Schedule
ed to determine job overhead

Precedence Diagram
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15
16
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9
Contingencies
added
to the bid for items that could not have
been anticipated at the time of
estimating.

estimating practices
Project Contingencies
Unexpected conditions that cannot be
determined during design
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10
Project Contingencies
mitigating

2/15/2021
1
CSMT 442
Lecture 1
Introduction to Estimating 2
What is Estimating in
Construction
construction costs for a project
Establish project budget
2/15/2021
2

Profit Margin
acceptable rate of return and
compensation for the risk associated
with the project
Types of Estimates
e quantity and cost of
everything required for the project, including:
2/15/2021
3
Types of Estimates

For example, a light switch would include:
-gang box
-pole switch
Types of Estimates
-foot estimates
foot
2/15/2021

4
Types of Estimates
between building components
s
Types of Estimates
answers to a number of questions
the building might include:

2/15/2021
5
Types of Estimates
proposed project to a similar project
en the
comparison project and the project being
estimated
Estimating Opportunities
representatives
onal quantity
surveyor

construction
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6
Quantity Takeoff Skills
rough work
-Screen Takeoff (OST)

Additional Estimating Skills
n process
2/15/2021
7
Additional Estimating Skills
, WinEst,
bluebeam

Types of Bids
price
2/15/2021
8
Contract Documents
-Contractor Agreement
Contract Documents

2/15/2021
9
Bid Information
Sources of Information
on cost guides

CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating II

CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating II

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CSMT 442 Cost and Estimating II