Earthquake Engineering

1. SEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND RISKSEISMIC VULNERABILITY AND RISK
ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDY OF THE HISTORICASSESSMENT: CASE STUDY OF THE HISTORIC
CITY KATHMANDU ,CITY KATHMANDU , NEPALNEPAL
APRIL 25,2015APRIL 25,2015
Manish SharmaManish Sharma
M.Tech (EQ Engg)-16 MEQ 021M.Tech (EQ Engg)-16 MEQ 021
Department Of Civil EngineeringDepartment Of Civil Engineering
Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi,Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi,
India - 110025India - 110025

2. CONTENTSCONTENTS
 IntroductionIntroduction
 GeographyGeography
 Nepal Earthquake ProfileNepal Earthquake Profile
 Seismic Hazard in NepalSeismic Hazard in Nepal
 Procedure of Seismic Risk AssessmentProcedure of Seismic Risk Assessment
 Damage of Infrastructure and LifelineDamage of Infrastructure and Lifeline
 Human CasualtyHuman Casualty
 Economic LossEconomic Loss
 Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION:- NEPAL AT AINTRODUCTION:- NEPAL AT A
GLANCEGLANCE Area:-147,181 sq. km. [0.01% ]
 Capital:-Kathmandu
 Population:-29 million
 Location:- Latitudes [26’22’’ to 30’27’’] North
Longitudes [ 80’04’’ to 88’12’’] East
 Language:- Nepali
 Currency:- Rupees
 Length:- 885 km [E to W]; Width: 145-241 km [N to S]
 PGR: -2.24%
 Life Expectancy:- 68 yrs.
 Religion:- Hinduism(81.6%), Buddhism(10.7%)
 Major occupation:- Agriculture , 17% arable land
 Time:- GMT + 5 hours 45 minutes

5. Life expectancy ~64 yrs.
Human Development Index :- 0.463 (Rank 157)
 Literacy rate :- 66%
 unemployment :- 46%
 Landlocked :- (nil)
 Total road:- 17,282km
 Size Area-wise: - 92nd Largest
 Size Population-wise: - 42nd Largest
 GDP Growth Rate: - 2nd Poorest
 Global Competitive Index: - 125th /139
 landlocked country located in south Asia between India and
China
Second richest country in terms of water resources after
Brazil

6. 48%
12%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
10%
3%
Nepali Maithili
Bhojpuri Tharu
Tamang Nepal Bhasa
Magar Awadhi
Other Unspecified
Hinduisim Buddhism Islam Christianity Other
Sales 81.30% 9% 4.40% 1.40% 0.90%
81.30%
9%
4.40%
1.40% 0.90%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
Hinduisim Buddhism Islam Christianity Other

7. Geographical DistributionGeographical Distribution
 Himalayan Region(15%): - [4877 m to 8848 m
]
• Northern border of the country
Hilly Region(68%):-[ 610 m to 4877 m ]
• Home of the ancient ethnic people of
Nepal.
• Most of the Nepal's lake and beautiful
valleys are located here.
• Climate: variable from arctic to
tropical.
Terai Region(17%):- [60 m to 610 m]
• Flat, fertile land and dense forests;
• Climate: tropical;; steamy heat of the
India Plains

8. Nepal Earthquake ProfileNepal Earthquake Profile
 The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 a.m. at a depth
of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and
damaging), east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting
approximately twenty seconds.
 The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 7.3 Mw. It
occurred 65 km east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a
depth of 10 km below the earth's surface. Over thirty-five
aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day
following the initial earthquake.

9. NEPAL: A NATION OF
27.8 MILLION

11. Seismic Hazard in NepalSeismic Hazard in Nepal
Situated between two active tectonic plate-the Indian plate in
south and Eurasian plate in north.
Indian plate sub-ducting under Eurasian plate 40-45 mm
every year.
Seismically prone area- major earthquake occurred in past.

12. Nepal Earthquake:- collision of Eurasian and Indo-Australian platesNepal Earthquake:- collision of Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates

17. Magnitude-frequency Data On Earthquakes InMagnitude-frequency Data On Earthquakes In
Nepal And The Surrounding RegionNepal And The Surrounding Region
Earthquakes Magnitudes in
Richter Scale
No. of Events Approximate
Recurrence Interval, yr.
5 to 6 41 2
6 to 7 17 5
7 to 7.5 10 8
7.5 to 8 2 40
>8 1 81
Source: Earthquake Catalogue in BCDP

18. Timeline:- Nepal EarthquakesTimeline:- Nepal Earthquakes

20. BEFORE AND AFTER PICTURES OF SOME THE UNESCO HERITAGES OF NEPALBEFORE AND AFTER PICTURES OF SOME THE UNESCO HERITAGES OF NEPAL
Kathmandu Durbar Square
Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Boudhanath Temple
Changu Narayan
Lumbini
Pashupatinath Temple
Patan Durbar
Swayambhunat
Patan Durbar
Changu Narayan

21. Bhaktapur
Durbar Square
Pashupatinath
Temple
Kathmandu
Durbar Square
Dharahara Tower

22. DISASTERDISASTER RISK PROFILE
Nepal falls in the top 20th list of the most multi-hazard prone
countries in the world.
Country is ranked as 11th most risk country in world in terms of
relative vulnerability to earthquake & 30th with respect to flood and 4th
in terms of climate change. [UNDP/BCPR, 2004]
Entire country falls in high earthquake intensity belt-high seismic
scale of MMI IX & X for the generally accepted recurrence period
[global seismicity hazard assessment program]
Nepal remains as one of the global hot-spots for natural disaster
[World Bank, 2005]


23.  Rugged & fragile geomorphic condition
 Variable climate conditions
 Increasing population
 Poor economic conditions
 Unplanned settlements
 Topography which poses huge infrastructural challenge
 Poor building practices and no Reinforcement of building codes and
unplanned city development
 Insufficient emergency preparedness and lack of awareness
 Political instability and conflict
 Active seismic belt
Nepal is Disaster Prone Country Due toNepal is Disaster Prone Country Due to

24. YOURYOUR
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
DATA BASES AND
INFORMATION
HAZARDS:HAZARDS:
•GROUND SHAKINGGROUND SHAKING
•GROUND FAILURGROUND FAILUR
•SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATIONSURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION
•TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKSTSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•MONITORING
•HAZARD MAPS
•INVENTORY
•VULNERABILITY
•LOCATION
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
BOOKS OFBOOKS OF
KNOWLEDGEKNOWLEDGE
•PREPAREDNESS
•PROTECTION
•RESPONSE
•RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY
EARTHQUAKE DISASTEREARTHQUAKE DISASTER
RESILIENCERESILIENCE

25. Seismic source zones and spatial distribution ofSeismic source zones and spatial distribution of
Earthquakes in all around NepalEarthquakes in all around Nepal

26. Seismic
source zone
Historical characteristics of the area source Maximum
magnitude
(Mw)
Z1
Z2
Z1
Z1

27. DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BUILDINGSDISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BUILDINGS
District-wise distribution of buildings

28. BUILDING TYPES IN NEPALBUILDING TYPES IN NEPAL

30. DEFINITION OF DISASTER RISKDEFINITION OF DISASTER RISK
Hazard:
A dangerous
phenomenon,
substance, human
activity or condition that
may cause loss of life,
injury or other health
impacts, property
damage, loss of
livelihoods and services,
social and economic
disruption, or
environmental damage
Hazard, exposure, vulnerability and disaster risk (According to ISDR)
Exposure:
People, property, systems,
or other elements present
in hazard zones that are
thereby subject to potential
losses
The characteristics and
circumstances of a
community, system or
asset that make it
susceptible to the
damaging effects of a
hazard
Vulnerability:
Exposure
Hazard
Vulnerability
RISK
Disaster risk = Hazard × Vulnerability × Exposure

31. SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENTSEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT
Earthquake
Source
Site response
Attenuatio
n
Total risk is determined by the intensity of ground motion, vulnerability of
structure and the number of vulnerable structures

32. SEISMIC HAZARD MODELSEISMIC HAZARD MODEL
Involves a Particular Seismic Event
 PGA/Spectral Acceleration is Calculated From
attenuation relationship .
FRAGILITY FUNCTIONFRAGILITY FUNCTION

34. a) 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years,
b) 5 % probability of exceedance in 50 years,
c) 2 % probability of exceedance in 50 years,
d) 1 % probability of exceedance in 50 year
Seismic Hazard Maps of Nepal Showing the Peak
Ground Acceleration Distribution With:-

35. a) Biratnagar sub-metropolitan city
b) Kathmandu metropolitan city
c) Pokhara sub-metropolitan city
d) Panchthar
e) Lamjung,
f) Rukum district
Uniform Hazard Spectra in 5 % Damping at Different
Locations in Nepal:

36. Economic Loss Map of NepalEconomic Loss Map of Nepal
a) 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years,
b) 5 % probability of exceedance in 50 years,
c) 2 % probability of exceedance in 50 years,
d) 1 % probability of exceedance in 50 year

37. Vulnerability Classes for the Nepalese Building stock

38. Damage States of Buildings in NepalDamage States of Buildings in Nepal

39. CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
 This study estimates the higher seismic hazard in the mid-western and
eastern parts of Nepal, whereas the southern Nepal has the lowest seismic
hazard.
 The expected peak ground acceleration at 10, 5, 2, and 1 % probability of
exceedance in 50 years is in the range of 0.22–0.50, 0.30–0.64, 0.42–0.85, and
0.51–1.07 g, respectively.
 Risk of building damage and human casualty will be increased in future if
no measure is taken to strengthen building seismic performance.
 Results of risk assessment depends largely on results of seismic hazard.
About 22 % of adobe, 9 % of BM/SM, 7 % of BC/SC, and 8 % of CCP
buildings would be collapsed resulting from the recurrence of 1934 scenario
earthquake.

40. Thank you …Thank you …
THANK YOU