4. Pure Substance
•A pure substance is one which is made up of only
one kind of particle.
•Ex: platinum
5. Pure substance are
of two types
• Element
• Compound
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6. ELEMENT
• Chemical element, also called element, any substance that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes.
Elements are the fundamental materials of which all matter is
composed.
• Ex: Iron(Fe)
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9. COMPOUND
➢A compound is a substance which
is made up of two or more
element chemically combined in a
fixed ratio by mass.
➢Ex: water(H2O)
10. MIXTURE
➢In chemistry, a mixture forms when two or
more substances are combined such that
each substance retains its own chemical
identity.
➢ Chemical bonds between the components
are neither broken nor formed.
➢Ex: Mixture of salt and water
12. HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE
➢ A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in
which the composition is uniform
throughout the mixture.
➢ All solutions would be
considered homogeneous because the
dissolved material is present in the same
amount throughout the solution.
➢ One characteristicof mixtures is that they
can be separated into their components.
➢ Ex:
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13. HETROGENEOUS
MIXTURE ➢ A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the
composition is not uniform throughout the mixture.
➢ A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more
phases. When oil and water are combined, they do
not mix evenly, but instead form two separate layers.
➢ Each of the layers is called a phase.
➢ Ex:
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14. SOLUTION
➢ A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture that is
made up of two or more substances.
• It has two parts
i. 1-solute-substance in lesser quantity in solution.
ii. 2-solvent-substance in larger quantity in solution
Solution of sugar and waterin this solution water
is solvent and sugar is solute.
➢ Solution of sugar and water in this solution water is
solvent and sugar is solute.
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15. TRUE SOLUTION
➢Characteristics of true solution are:
i. Particle size is less then 1mm.
ii. The particle will show Brownian movement.
iii.Electrophoresing will happen.
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16. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
➢Aqueous solution- solution having water as solvent.
➢ Non-aqueous solution- solution having substance other than
water as solvent.
➢Saturated solution-It is a solution in which no further solute
can be dissolve at a given temperature.
➢ Unsaturated solution-It is a solution in which more solute
can be dissolve at a given temperature.
17. SOLUBILITY
• The maximum amount of a solute which can
be dissolved in 100 grams of a solvent at a
specified temperature is known as solubility
of that solute in that solvent(at a given
temperature).
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18. COLLOID
➢ A colloid is a solution in which
the size of solute particles is
1nm-100nm.
➢Ex-blood
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19. SUSPENSION
➢ A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in
which the small particles of a solid are
spread throughout a liquid without dissolving
in it.
➢ Ex: water
20. processes of separation Some processes of
separation are
i. Evaporation.
ii. Sublimation.
iii. Centrifugation.
iv. seperating funnel.
v. Distiallation.
vi. Fractinal Distillation.
vii. Cystalisation.
viii. Chromotography.
ix. Electrolysis.
21. EVAPORATION
➢It is a process to separate volatile substance from
non-volatile substance by heating them below their
boiling point.
➢ Ex: salt from sea water.
22. SUBLIMATION
• It is a process to separate sublimable substance
from a non-sublimable substance by heating.
•Ex: dry ice
23. Centrifugation
• It is a process to separate minute suspended particles from liquid
when spun rapidly. The heavier particles are forced to bottom and
lighter ones towards top.
• Ex: separation of ghee from curd
24. Separating funnel
• It is a process to separate different
colours soluble in same liquid.
• Ex:- separation of oil from water.
25. FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION
• It is a process to separate two miscible
substance from each other by heating them at
their boiling points followed by condensation.
Through fractional distillation, we can
separate two substance having difference
between their boiling points less than 25
Kelvin(K).
• Ex:refining of petroleum.
26. DISTILLATION
• It is a process to separate two miscible
liquid from each other by heating them at
their boiling points followed by
condensation.
• Note-The difference between the boiling
points of two liquid must be more than 25
Kelvin(K)
27. CRYSTALLISATION
• It is a process of separation by making pure crystals of a substance
from its super saturated solution.
• Ex- crystals of copper sulphate (CUSO4).
28. CHROMOTOGRAPHY
• It is a process to separate different colours soluble in same liquid.
i. Ex- Separation of drug from blood.
ii. Separation of chlorophyll from leaves.
iii. Separation of colours from die.
29. ELECTROLYSIS
• It is a process of separation with the help
of electricity. Through Electrolysis we can
separate compounds also. In this process
direct current(DC) is pass through the
substance.
31. PHYSICAL
CHANGE
• the change in which only transformation
of state is happen, no new substance is
made are called physical change. These
changes are reversible.
• Ex- Melting of ice.
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32. CHEMICAL CHANGE
• It is a change in which a new substance is made.In this change the
chemical properties of the substance is change.
• These changes are irreversible.
• Ex- Cooking of food.
