5. Proportion - Age
Since the upper and lower jawbones of
children are underdeveloped, the positions
of the eyes, nose and mouth are
concentrated in the lower part of the face
compared to adults. As growing, the chin
develops, and the eyes are in the half
position of the face.
10. Skull
The parietal bone, located between the frontal and
occipital bones, forms the apex of the skull.
The temporal bone is a slightly flat bone
on the side of the head. The lower part
overhangs like a vine of glasses, forming a
zygomatic arch and connecting to the
zygomatic bone.
Center
11. Skull of A Newborn
The newborn skull has a soft part called the cranial
fontanelle due to incomplete cranial suture. It is
around the age of 3 that these gaps are filled and the
bones are completely connected.
12. Head and Neck
• The protruding part
here is called the
external occipital
protuberance, and
when the head is
tilted forward, it can
be touched with
fingers. The contour
of the neck begins
with this ridge.
13. Neck and Spine
Supporting the weight of the human body is the spinal column that
passes through the midline of the back. The movable part of this spine
that supports the head is the cervical spine, which forms the neck.
There are seven cervical vertebrae, and the largest first cervical
vertebra acts as a fulcrum to support the head.
14. Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius
The most important and strong
muscles in the neck are the
sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles. The
sternocleidomastoid muscle is a
strong muscle that connects the
sternum, the clavicle and the back
of the ear. This works together
with the trapezius muscle to
move the head back and forth
and left and right.
15. Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius
Turning one side of the head
straightens the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
The trapezius muscle
contracts when the head is
tilted back. At this time, the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
stretches, and the trapezius
muscle suppresses traction.
When the head is tilted
forward, the trapezius muscle
stretches and the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
contracts. At this time, the
muscles under the jaw sag
17. Eye
The eyeball is spherical, and the
pupil is slightly protruding. The
upper eyelid is quite thick and
opens and closes the eyes. The
lower eyelids hardly move.
18. Nose
The hard part from the base of the
nose to the middle is the nasal
bone.
The nasal bone follows the nasal
cartilage, forming the tip of the
nose.
The overhanging part of the nasal
cavity is adipose tissue.
19. Chin
The main muscles that work
when opening and closing the
mouth and engaging the teeth
are the temporal muscle,
masseter muscle, mentalis
muscle, and digastric muscle.
20. Masseter muscle
The masseter muscle is the
strongest muscle that
extends from the inside of
the zygomatic arch to the
mandibular angle. It works
with the temporalis muscle
and digastric muscle to
open and close the mouth.
23. Torso
Torso consists of the spinal column, thorax, and pelvis, and are
an important part of the body.
It connects the head, upper and lower limbs, and supports the
entire skeleton.
The rib cage and pelvis do not move much by themselves and
move as the spinal column flexes and stretches.
24. Spinal Column
The spinal column consists of
24 vertebrae, sacrum and nasal
bones. The vertebrae become
thicker and larger from the top
to the 7 cervical vertebrae, 12
thoracic vertebrae, and 5
lumbar vertebrae. The spinal
column is curved like an S-
shaped spring and supports
the weight of the whole body.
25. Vertebra
The transverse process is the starting point
of the muscle and acts as a rudder. The
spinous processes pop out on the back
and appear on the body surface. Vertebrae
that act as a rudder.
26. PelvisThe female pelvis is short and wide.
It has a flat shape.
The lower pelvic opening is also wide.
As for the connection with the spinal
column, in women’s, the entire pelvis
is tilted forward, and the sacrum and
coccyx protrude posteriorly and
upward. Men are facing up.
Female Male
27. The iliac ridge is hard and thick and
firmly supports the shape of the hip
The pelvis moves around the spinal
column. The three-dimensional
pelvis as a unit does not change its
shape by itself. The movement of
the spinal column changes the
orientation of the pelvis, and at the
same time, the thorax, which also
connect with the spinal column as
the central axis, changes its
orientation.
28. Sternum
The sternum consists of the sternum and
12 pairs of ribs, both of which are
collectively called the rib cage. The ribs
attach to the body of sternum and thoracic
spine, forming a birdcage-like shape. The
lungs and heart are contained and
protected in it. The long costal cartilage
connects the sternum to the ribs in order to
move up and down as a result of breathing.
29. Evolution History
The ancestors of mammals had ribs
throughout the torso, including the neck.
However, modern mammals have ribs only on
the chest to create a sturdy chest. The neck
and hips appear to have no ribs, but each
vertebra has small protrusions. Ribs
shortened at the neck and hips. Or, on the
chest, the ribs are longer.
Modern mammals take advantage of the fact
that their ribs are only on their chests for active
breathing.
30. Different Evolution - ex. Turtle
If human being has the same ribs with turtle’s…
All vertebrate evolved differently.
For example, the ribs of a turtle are its symbolic back shell. It
looks like a normal rib until it hatches. After that, it becomes a
flat rib by being integrated with another bone formed in the
dermis, and further, it creates a structure in which adjacent
objects in the front and back are firmly engaged with each
other, and the whole becomes one plate. A hard plate with a
changed epidermis covers the plate made of this bone, and a
shell is completed.
31. Pectoralis Major Muscle
The pectoralis major is a large
muscle that stands out in front of the
chest and exercises the upper arm.
Since the muscle cover the chest
from a wide range and narrowly
gather toward armpit. It works
powerfully when raising the upper
arm, such as throwing a ball.
32. Pectoralis Minor Muscle
The pectoralis minor is covered by
the pectoralis major and is invisible,
but it can be touched by the axilla. It
functions lowering the shoulder blade
and clavicle, and extending the arm.
33. Serratus Anterior Muscle
The serratus anterior muscle is a muscle
that looks zigzag on the outside of the
pectoralis major muscle. It works to pull
in the anterolateral direction of the
scapula.
34. Rectus Abdominis Muscle
The rectus abdominis muscle is long connecting
pubis and xiphoid process. The force is
strengthened by pressing the middle with a
tendon. The rectus abdominis consists of the
internal and external oblique muscles. The rectus
abdominis muscle contracts and it functions
bending forward. At that time, the erector spinae
muscles extend.
35. Trapezius Muscle and Latissimus Dorsi
• The trapezius muscle is a large
muscle that makes a curve in the
shoulder. It works to move the
shoulder blade. It is related to the
movement of the upper limbs.
• The latissimus dorsi is the muscle
that opposes the pectoralis major
and acts on the adduction of the
upper arm.
• The erector spinae muscles are
hidden behind the latissimus dorsi
muscles but connects vertically
inside the lumbar spine.
37. Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
The scapula (shoulder blade)
connects to the clavicle and
humerus, and the clavicle
connects to the sternum and
scapula. The scapula is not
directly connected to the
ribs/spine, but is mainly
supported by muscles.
The shoulder joint is outside
the torso and is easy to move
38. Shoulder -Muscle
The trapezius muscle - pulls the scapula posteriorly
medially and turns the inferior angle outward.
The rhomboid muscle - pulls the scapula inward and
downward.
The deltoid muscle - works for flexion and extension of
the shoulder joint and internal rotation.
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
The teres major muscle - assists the latissimus dorsi
muscle.
The teres minor muscle - acts to twist the arm outward.
39. Ulna/Radius
The ulna is articulated with respect
to the humerus at an outward
angle, so the little finger is about 4
inches away from the thigh.
With the elbow joint as the
fulcrum, the radius crosses around
the ulna in an X-shape
40. Triceps Brachii / biceps Brachii
Triceps brachii and biceps brachii
When you bend your elbow, your biceps contracts
and your triceps loosens and stretches. At this time,
the biceps brachii is the active muscle and the
triceps brachii is the antagonist muscle. Conversely,
when the elbow is extended, the triceps brachii
muscle contracts and the biceps brachii muscle
loosens and stretches. At this time, the triceps
brachii muscle is the active muscle, and the biceps
brachii muscle is the antagonist muscle.
In addition, if you are tense and your body is stiff,
you will not be able to move as you wish due to the
strength of both.
Muscles are sometimes called active muscles or antagonist muscles. Muscles work in only one direction. As a result,
most muscles work in pairs such as sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.
41. Forearm
The main muscles that move the
hands and fingers are from the
forearm.
The muscles of the forearm consist of
two groups of muscles, the flexor and
the extensor.
The flexor passes through the ulna of
the forearm.
The volar and extensor through the
radius and back of the hand.
42. Hand - Bone
The fine and complex movements of the
hand are made up of 27 small bones.
It consists of:
8 carpal bones that make up the wrist
5 metacarpal bones in the palm
5 proximal phalanges
4 middle phalanx bones
5 distal phalanx bones
The form of the joint between the radius
and the carpal is a condyloid joint.
Therefore, it bends at a right angle back
and forth, but the left and right bends are
as small as 60 degrees on the little finger
side and about 10 degrees on the thumb
side.
43. Hand - Muscle
All hand muscles are flexors, and
extensors come from the upper
and forearms. On the back side of
the hand, the extensor muscles
from the upper arm and forearm
are attached to each finger
separately. The radius on the volar
side and the flexors from the ulnar
side continue from the arm.
44. Finger
The opening and closing of the
fingers are mainly the functions
of the palmar interossei muscle
(closing the finger) and the
dorsal interossei muscle
(opening the finger), and the
extensor digitorum finger.
The extensor striate on the
wrist keeps these muscles
tightly tied to the wrist and
strengthens them.
46. Although the hip joint is spherical, it
cannot move as freely as arms can
because it is deeply incorporated
into the pelvis. However, the legs
have a spring-like arched skeleton
that moves dynamically, supports
the entire weight, and moves the
body.
47. Knee
The femur fits into the tibia and
bends the knee. At this time, the
patella is supported by ligaments.
When the knee is upright, the
patella fits into the joint and
prevents the foot from bending
forward.
48. Thigh
Sartorius is long muscles that straddle the hip
and knee joints and bend both joints.
The quadriceps (consists of rectus femoris,
vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis) is the main
muscle that extends the knee joint to the
forehead.
49. Lower Leg - flexor
The gastrocnemius muscle
stands on the tip of the toe
and bends toward the sole of
the foot when jumping.
The soleus muscle is bent
toward the sole of the foot,
and the lower leg is pulled
back when standing upright.
50. Lower Leg – flexor -2
Popliteal muscle works for flexion and
internal rotation of the knee joint
The flexor digitorum longus moves
when stepping on or jumping.
51. Lower Leg - Extensor
The tibialis anterior muscle flexes to
the dorsal side of the foot.
The extensor hallucis longus stretches
the thumb and bends it to the dorsal
side.
The extensor digitorum longus extends
the second to fifth fingers and bends
to the dorsal side.
52. Foot - Bone
the foot is formed arched. This
space acts as a cushion to support
your weight and reduce the impact
on your feet when walking.
The calcaneus is the bone of the
heel, which is the largest of the
tarsal bones and is the center of
gravity of the whole body when
standing.
When raising the heel, joints
work with as the fulcrum
53. Foot - Muscle/Tendon
There are no muscles on the back
of the hand, only tendons, but the
legs have muscles on both sides.
Most of the leg muscles are
supported by ligaments at the
ankles and serve to convey
movements to the bones as much
as possible so that the tendons do
not pop out with each movement.
However, only the Achilles tendon
is not supported by the ligaments.
