IMPACTS OF JUCVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ON AFRICAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENT 7 Impacts of Juvenile Justice Systems for African Americans Adolescents. The study on juvenile systems focuses on African American adolescents as they are the majority in the juvenile systems. Much research has been done focusing on why most blacks are in the juvenile and prison systems. The question boils down to racial injustices and many other factors. However, this study focuses on the impacts of juvenile systems on African Americans. Therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of juvenile systems on African American youths focusing on behavioral changes and widespread health impacts by comparing the detained and released juveniles to those never arrested. It is essential to understand behavioral changes among adolescents since they stay together at the school level, and deviant behaviors may harm themselves or even teachers. Study shows that African American youths are involved in higher juvenile cases than any other race (Voisin et al., 2016). Other studies relate societal aspects that push African American youths to deviant behaviors such as taking marijuana, drugs, and other harmful societal acts such as commercial sex (Voisin et al., 2016) (Voisin et al., 2016). Juvenile systems focus on changing youths' behaviors but do they also negatively impact youth’s behavior? Purpose Statement The study will help understand factors in the juvenile systems that cause behavioral changes among convicted youth. Thus, an ideal comprehension of the relationship between juvenile justice systems and their role in changing youth behaviors will help identify correct interventions to impact convicted youths and create a better future society positively. Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis The study focuses on African American adolescents by comparing blacks adolescents exposed to juvenile systems and those not yet convicted. By focusing on their behavioral differences, the study aims to show the role of juvenile systems in the well-being of adolescents. Do the juvenile systems have a positive role in adolescent behavior, or do they still show deviant behaviors even after release from juvenile systems?. The questions raise concerns about the part of juveniles in society. Besides, other researches focus on social determinants of behavioral changes such as environment, income, and family status where adolescents reside. It is vital to understand whether African American adolescents acquire their behaviors from the societal environment or the ineffective juvenile systems that determine their behavioral changes. Thus the study develops two hypotheses: H1: Adolescents are mentally affected with juvenile systems programs as they show repetitive deviant behaviors after release. H2: Socio-economic factors are a great contributor to deviant behaviors seen in African American youths. Numerous studies have focused on why juvenile systems have more African American youths than othe ...

1. IMPACTS OF JUCVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM ON AFRICAN
AMERICAN ADOLESCENT 7
Impacts of Juvenile Justice Systems for African Americans
Adolescents.
The study on juvenile systems focuses on African
American adolescents as they are the majority in the juvenile
systems. Much research has been done focusing on why most
blacks are in the juvenile and prison systems. The question boils
down to racial injustices and many other factors. However, this
study focuses on the impacts of juvenile systems on African
Americans. Therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of
juvenile systems on African American youths focusing on
behavioral changes and widespread health impacts by comparing
the detained and released juveniles to those never arrested. It is
essential to understand behavioral changes among adolescents
since they stay together at the school level, and deviant
behaviors may harm themselves or even teachers. Study shows
that African American youths are involved in higher juvenile
cases than any other race (Voisin et al., 2016). Other studies
relate societal aspects that push African American youths to
deviant behaviors such as taking marijuana, drugs, and other
harmful societal acts such as commercial sex (Voisin et al.,
2016) (Voisin et al., 2016). Juvenile systems focus on changing
youths' behaviors but do they also negatively impact youth’s
behavior?
Purpose Statement
The study will help understand factors in the juvenile systems
that cause behavioral changes among convicted youth. Thus, an
ideal comprehension of the relationship between juvenile justice

2. systems and their role in changing youth behaviors will help
identify correct interventions to impact convicted youths and
create a better future society positively.
Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis
The study focuses on African American adolescents by
comparing blacks adolescents exposed to juvenile systems and
those not yet convicted. By focusing on their behavioral
differences, the study aims to show the role of juvenile systems
in the well-being of adolescents. Do the juvenile systems have a
positive role in adolescent behavior, or do they still show
deviant behaviors even after release from juvenile systems?.
The questions raise concerns about the part of juveniles in
society. Besides, other researches focus on social determinants
of behavioral changes such as environment, income, and family
status where adolescents reside. It is vital to understand whether
African American adolescents acquire their behaviors from the
societal environment or the ineffective juvenile systems that
determine their behavioral changes. Thus the study develops
two hypotheses:
H1: Adolescents are mentally affected with juvenile systems
programs as they show repetitive deviant behaviors after
release.
H2: Socio-economic factors are a great contributor to deviant
behaviors seen in African American youths.
Numerous studies have focused on why juvenile systems
have more African American youths than other races and
ethnicities. Others have focused on the relationship betw een
socio-economic practices among the black adolescents living
environments and deviant behaviors (Agnew, 2015). The
behavioral theory states that their immediate environment
determines people's behaviors; thus, it is certain that deviant
behaviors are adopted from negative environments and people
(Agnew, 2015). These researchers and scholars have created a
direct link to answer African American youths' questions and
abnormal behaviors. For instance, they help show why juvenile
systems have many blacks apart from the racial inequality

3. cases. The black communities are instead a low-class
community compared to affluent white neighborhoods.
Therefore, the arrested black juveniles are directed to systems
that should change their perspective on society. However, some
research still indicated that juvenile systems negatively impact
youths since they are locked up, yet they should be in a
community. Therefore, having more blacks in juvenile and adult
prisons should be investigated, aiming to eliminate the cases of
juvenile-caused delinquent behaviors, which future pushed ex-
juveniles to be arrested again. Other researchers are against the
juvenile and prison systems, but instead, they support the
understanding and community integrations (Abdullah &
Bistamam, 2018). Thus, there are solutions to juvenile-
generated delinquent behaviors which can be eliminated through
social integration.
Methodology
The study will use a qualitative research method following
the poststructuralist theoretical model through analyzing
literature already done on the same topic (Morrow, 2018). The
literature will focus on elimination methods as literature of the
recent ten years will be utilized. Qualitative research is ideal
for the study since it allows much data access through using the
various articles (Rahman, 2016). All papers used will be
acquired from online databases such as Google Scholar and
PubMed. The reports obtained will be journals and books, all
peer-reviewed. Besides, the qualitative study will save money
and generate new content in that conclusions and data drawn
from other tasks will be compared and analyzed for the
inclusive result. Still, the method incorporates human
experience necessary for research involving juveniles. Thus,
the study will include literature with primary data to inform the
study and allow study finding comparisons and generate the
correct conclusions.
Feasibility
There are enough materials for the study to be done in
Lincoln, thanks to online academic journals. However, there is

4. limited time to covers all the researches entirely; thus, the
research will consider data from 20 articles related to the topic.
Therefore, using online sources and journals having hundreds of
peer-reviewed data will provide enough data for ideal
conclusions. Besides, data from the obtained articles will be
analyzed and detailed in tables for easy understanding using
computer data organization and analysis skills and knowledge.
Therefore, computer skills are only needed for organizing
acquired data for easy experience.
Attractiveness
The project on the effects of the juvenile systems on the African
American youths is vital since it raises awareness on whether
the juvenile systems are essential for the youths and society.
The project will be beneficial to the juvenile department since it
will highlight the effect of the juvenile systems on the
wellbeing of adolescents and proposes a change for good. By
focusing on African American youths, the study aims at a large
population in the juvenile systems. The project will help me
understand youths' delinquent behaviors and proposes how to
help them overcome the challenges faced in the juvenile
systems. , From the project, one will understand how to change
blacks youths' behaviors and accommodate them in society. The
project will also show the juvenile departments that they need
to change their programs to help black convicted adolescents.
Focusing on behavioral differences between adolescents
convicted in juveniles and those never convicted helps create a
better understanding of eliminating such behaviors. The
research also informs medical practitioners (psychotherapists)
on adolescent behaviors.
Limitations
The study will be faced with some limitations based on the
study methodology used. First, there is no enough time for
completing quantitative research that involves survey methods
that are effective for gathering primary data. Second, data
obtained from already done studies are affected by different
factors such as researcher opinions which negatively impact the

5. study findings. Besides, data from those studies may wholly
depend on participants' (juveniles) answers who may decide to
give wrong information. Finally, the corpus analysis of the
populations used in the reviews cannot be generalized since
they are low (Rahman, 2016). Data is vital for study
conclusions; thus, using articles with low study populations is
ineffective.
References
Abdullah, N., & Bistamam, M. (2018). Understanding
Adolescents' Juvenile Risk Behavior Through Antecedent and
Marker System Model. Retrieved June 22, 2021, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334782679_Understin
g_Adolescents'_Juvenile_
Risk Behavior
Through_Antecedent_and_marker_System_Model.
Agnew, R. (2015). Race and Youth Crime. Race And

6. Justice, 6(3), 195-221.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368715597465
Morrow, A. (2018). Introducing Poststructuralism in
International Relations Theory. Retrieved June 22, 2021, from
https://www.e-ir.info/2018/02/13/introducing-poststructuralism-
in-international-relations-theory/.
Rahman, M. (2016). The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in
Language “Testing and Assessment” Research: A Literature
Review. Journal of Education And Learning, 6(1), 102.
https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Voisin, D., Kim, D., Takahashi, L., Morotta, P., & Bocanegra,
K. (2016). Involvement in the Juvenile Justice System for
African American Adolescents: Examining Associations with
Behavioral Health Problems. Journal Of Social Service
Research, 43(1), 129-140.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2016.1239596
Krystal Parrish
Oct 12, 2021 11:46 PMProgressive Liberalism
Professors Theodore Lowi and Patrick Deneen encourage
budding public policy analysts to be mindful of the impact that
policy decisions have on our constitutional framework. Lowi
and Deneen asserts the federal government exceeds its
enumerated constitutional power and infringe on the powers of
the state. Deneen’s critique argues progressive liberalism
emphasizes an expansive administrative federal government
which is contrary to the “founding philosophy of America that
stressed natural rights, limited government and a relatively free
and open market.”[1] Citizens assume that policy decisions have
oversight and policing from technical and legal
experts.[2] However, Lowi argues that interest groups, without
authority, who are not elected, who have no legal legitimacy,
occupy this oversight gap. Interest groups have a direct line to

7. the official policy actors and use their influence to advance
their self-interests. Lowi further criticizes that permitting
interest groups to function as a proxy for citizen oversight in
the public policy making process is also contrary to founding
philosophy.[3] Lastly, both professors highlight the role that
policy scholars have on impacting constitutional
reform.[4] Decisions by policy analysts will either increase the
appetite for an expansive administrative federal government,
return power to the states or offer a completely radical change.
Progressive liberalism has substantial economic, political, and
scientific impact on space public policy. The space economy is
growing into a trillion-dollar industry due to several key policy
directives from the executive branch. NASA was instructed to
work with commercial and international partners to further
human exploration across the solar system.[5] The secretary of
transportation was instructed to deregulate spaceflight.[6] The
FAA was instructed to create regulations for space traffic
control entering and exiting the Earth’s atmosphere.[7] These
policy reforms expand the role of administrative agencies
involved. Congestion of Earth’s orbit threatens not just the US
but the entire globe.[8]One Body
The bible is filled with narratives in which God asks believers
to recognize our interdependence (1 Corinthians 12:7), our role
in our communities (1 Corinthians 12:12) and the importance of
orderedness (1 Corinthians 1:10). The wisdom of Ephesians
4:16 provides more clarity: “From whom the whole body, joined
and held together by every joint with which it is equipped, when
each part is working properly, makes the body grow so that it
builds itself up in love.”[9] Public policy impacts everyone in
our community. Public policy impacts the way in which we
order ourselves. Future public policy analysts must employ
discernment where special interest groups and progressive
liberalism is concerned. The role of policy scholar requires us
to carefully balance the demand signal for reform with the
desire to honor the constitutional framework that orders our
community.

8. [1] Deneen, Patrick J. "The Tragedy of Liberalism." The
Hedgehog Review 19, no. 3 (2017): 38.
[2] Acs, Alex. "Policing the Administrative State." The Journal
of Politics 80, no. 4 (2018): 1225-1238.
[3] Lowi, Theodore J. End of Liberalism. 40th Anniversary ed.
New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2009. ISBN:9780393934328
[4] ibid.
[5] Gwynne, Peter. "US Launches a New Space
Policy." Research Technology Management, vol. 61, no. 5,
2018, pp. 3. https://bi-gale-
com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/global/article/GALE|A555851297?u=vi
c_liberty&sid=summon
[6] ibid.
[7] ibid.
[8] Martinez, Peter. "Challenges for Ensuring the Security,
Safety and Sustainability of Outer Space Activities." Journal of
Space Safety Engineering 6, no. 2 (2019): 65-68.
[9] Ephesians 4:16, ESV
Robert Jones
3:24pmOct 12 at 3:24pm
Progressive liberalism, as described by Deneen, can ultimately
be seen as a movement to "make economic disparities more
equal and to equalize individual's opportunity to be liberated
from entanglements with others, particularly from the shared
cultural norms, institutions, and associations that bind people's
fate together" (Deneen, 2018, 143). Progressives eschew these
traditional cultural norms and institutions in keeping with
founding progressive ideologue John Stuart Mill's assertion that
such "custom must be overcome so that those who seek to live
according to personal choices in the absence of such norms are
at the greatest liberty to do so" (Deneen, 2018, 144). Ironically,
Deneen obersves that Mill's own notions of the progressive
ideal were counter to any regard of equality for all persons in

9. that it was only the most "extraordinary individuals freed from
such custom that would transform society" (Deneen, 2018, 146)
and that any dissenters might need to be marginalized through
lack of the right to vote or through outright enslavement "until
they could be sufficiently set on a path of progressive
advancement" (Deneen, 2018, 147). In short progressive
liberalism seeks to impose equality for all that accept its
assumptions about what equality is, anyone else is decidedly
less equal and not worthy of the same opportunities as the more
enlightened of society. In such an order, individual equality is
valued above all else with little regard for what impact
individual expression might have on the collective good, only
with the stipulation that such expression not cause 'harm' to
others.
Although a different context, this mentality can be seen in the
execution of US foreign policy towards Cuba even from its
inception in the aftermath of the Spanish American War via the
Platt Amendment which imposed restrictions on Cuban
Sovereignty while at the same time purporting to bring
democracy to the Cuban people. Concerning the Platt
Amendment, Dominguez Lopez and Yaffe find that it “provided
the legal framework for the new polity in its relationship with
the US, and essentially put control of Cuban foreign policy and
domestic politics legally in US hands” (Dominguez Lopez &
Yaffe, 2017, 1517-1535) to the extent that it “reduced the
independence and sovereignty of the Cuban republic to a myth”
(Lopez & Yaffe, 2017, 1517-1535) thus helping to sow the
seeds of long lasting anti-American sentiment amongst the
Cuban people that would later help lay the foundation for the
rise of a socialist regime under Fidel Castro. Scholar Ada Ferrer
agrees noting that "opposition to the Platt Amendment is seen as
a moment of national awakening" (Ferrer, 2021, 225) in terms
of foundational revolutionary zeal that eventually gave rise to
Castro's regime. If US foreign policy is to avoid a similar
instance going forward, then the US should seek to enact policy

10. that takes the Cuban people more into consideration rather than
imposing its own notions as to what is best for them in terms of
their freedom.
As to countering the notions of progressive liberalism with the
US itself, it would seem reform as opposed to revolutionary
change or a return to strict US founding principles seems in
order. Deneen rightly fears outright revolutionary change as
such may produce "some form of populist nationalist
authoritarianism or military autocracy as an answer to the anger
of a post liberal citizenry" (Deneen, 2018, 181) but also cannot
countenance a strict return to US founding principles as doing
so would only reinforce a Hamiltonian notion that the federal
"general government will be better administered than the
particular governments" (Deneen, 2018, 171) to the effect of
furthering the alienation of citizens from their state and local
governments in favor of a more natural identification to a
distant and inefficient federal giant, a reality that helped give
rise to the movement of progressive liberalism in the first place.
Instead Deneen calls for reform that would reconnect citizens to
their state and local authorities in a manner reflective of "the
commitment of citizens to secure the goods of common life not
only for the ends they achieved but for the habits and practices
they fostered and the beneficial changes that they wrought on
citizens themselves" (Deneen, 2018, 195). In so doing Deneen
envisions a society in which each individual sees that "he is not
as independent of his fellows as he used to suppose and that to
get their help he must often offer his aid to them" (Deneen,
2018, 196). Accordingly, Deneen's call seems an echo of the
words of Jesus who taught that if a man follow Him, he must
"deny himself daily and take up his cross" (Matthew 16:24) in
the spirit of the Gospel's founding admonishment to "love the
Lord your God and to love your neighbor as yourself" (Luke
10:27). Given the extremely divisive nature of today's American
polity, one hopes that Deneen's calls for reform might be heeded
in the generations that follow.

11. Deneen, P. (2018). Why Liberalism Failed. New Haven and
London: Yale University Press.
Domínguez López, Ernesto and Helen Yaffe. "The Deep,
Historical Roots of Cuban Anti-Imperialism." Third World
Quarterly 38, no. 11 (2017): 1517-35.
Ferrer, A. (2021). Cuba: An American History. New York:
Simon & Schuster.
Luke 10:27: English Standard Version.
Matthew 16:24: English Standard Version.
PLCY 700
Discussion Assignment Instructions
The student will complete four Discussions in this course. The
student will post one thread of at least 450 words by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Thursday of the assigned Module: Week. The student
must then post two replies of at least 250 words by 11:59 p.m.
(ET) on Sunday of the assigned Module: Week. For each thread,
students must support their assertions with at least two
scholarly citations in Turabian format. Each reply must
incorporate at least two scholarly citations in Turabian format.
Any sources cited must have been published within the last five
years. Acceptable sources include the course readings and/or
scholarly sources, such as books and peer-reviewed journal
articles.
Define “progressive liberalism.”
Using previous readings and concepts from this course to

12. reinforce your logic, discuss whether changes to our current
constitutional system should be found in reform, return to
American founding principles, or revolutionary change?
Explain how certain features or assumptions of progressive
liberalism impact (or may impact) debate about the public
policy you are exploring.
How does (or could) your public policy research or advocacy
respond to the assumpti ons of progressive liberalism from the
point of view of your Christian worldview or calling?
Criteria Ratings Points
Content
Thread
15 to >14.0 pts
Advanced
• Each question/prompt is
answered thoroughly and
logically. • Major points are
stated clearly and effectively.
• Clear, logical flow to post;
stayed on topic.
14 to >13.0 pts
Proficient

13. • Each question/prompt is
answered. • Major points are
stated clearly and effectively for
the most part. • Clear, logical
and focused for the most part.
13 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Not all facets
of the
prompt/questions
are answered.
• Lack of clarity,
coherence, logic
and focus in key
areas.
0 pts
Not
Present
15 pts
Content
Research
Engagement
12 to >11.0 pts
Advanced
• Ideas from all the required

14. Learn materials from the
module and 2 scholarly
sources are integrated.
11 to >10.0 pts
Proficient
• Ideas from most of the
required Learn materials from
the module and 2 scholarly
sources are integrated.
10 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Ideas from few
of the required
Learn materials
from the module
and 2 scholarly
sources are
integrated.
0 pts
Not
Present
12 pts
Content
Replies

15. 15 to >14.0 pts
Advanced
• 2 unique interaction posts
with classmates. • One reply
posted to each of 2
classmates’ threads. • Moves
the conversation forward with
new ideas, research, and
analysis. • Student’s response
delivered in a thorough,
thoughtful, and analytical
manner with the student’s
position clearly evident.
14 to >13.0 pts
Proficient
• At least 2 unique interaction
posts with classmates. • One
reply posted to each of 2
classmates’ threads. • New
ideas, research, and analysis
are not always included.
• Some commentary is
repetitive from one reply to the
next. • At times, reply posts do
not seem to actually build upon
classmate’s post.
13 to >0.0 pts
Developing

16. • Missing one or
more reply posts.
• Reply posts are
redundant. •
Little in the way
of new ideas,
research, and
analysis are not
always included.
0 pts
Not
Present
15 pts
Content
Biblical
Integration
11 to >9.0 pts
Advanced
• Relates topic to
Scripture/biblical principles
where appropriate.
9 to >8.0 pts
Proficient
• Scripture/biblical principles
are included but unfocused at

17. times.
8 to >0.0 pts
Developing
• Missing Biblical
integration.
0 pts
Not
Present
11 pts
Discussion Grading Rubric | PLCY700_B03_202140
Criteria Ratings Points
Structure
Grammar
and
Formatting
15 to >13.0 pts
Advanced
Minimal to no errors in
grammar, spelling, or
Turabian.

18. 13 to >12.0 pts
Proficient
Some errors in grammar,
spelling, or Turabian.
12 to >0.0 pts
Developing
Numerous errors
in grammar,
spelling, or
Turabian.
0 pts
Not
Present
15 pts
Structure
Word Count
7 to >6.0 pts
Advanced
Appropriate word count:
450-500 words for thread;
200–250 words per reply.
6 to >5.0 pts

19. Proficient
100 words more or less than
the required length.
5 to >0.0 pts
Developing
Over 100 words
more or less than
the required
length.
0 pts
Not
Present
7 pts
Total Points: 75
Discussion Grading Rubric | PLCY700_B03_202140