Types of pneumonia Stages Introduction Treatment Medication

1. Lobar Pneumonia
Made by:Chetna Mhaske
Group no.:GM21-10B
Guided by: Aliya Abayevna

2. Plan
• Lobar pneumonia
• Mechanism
• Stages
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Reference

3. Lobar pneumonia
• It is a serious infection in which the air sacs fill with pus and other
liquid. Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the
lungs.
• Affects anatomically delineated segment(s) or the entirety, of a lobe
or lung
• ➤Relatively uncommon in infancy and old age
• ➤Affects males more than females
• ➤90% due toS. pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
• ➤Cough and fever with purulent or ‘rusty’ sputum

5. Mechanism
• The invading organism starts multiplying, thereby releasing
toxins that cause inflammation and edema of the lung
parenchyma. This leads to the accumulation of cellular
debris within the lungs. This leads to consolidation or
solidification, which is a term that is used for macroscopic or
radiologic appearance of the lungs affected by pneumonia.
Bacterial pneumonia is mainly classified into lobar and
diffuse depending on the degree of lung irritation or damage

6. Stages
• Lobar pneumonia usually has an acute progression. Classically, the disease has four
stages:[1]
• Congestion in the first 24 hours: This stage is characterized histologically by vascular
engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid, small numbers of neutrophils, often numerous bacteria.
Grossly, the lung is heavy and hyperemic.
• Red hepatization or consolidation: Vascular congestion persists, with extravasation of red
blood cells into alveolar spaces, along with increased numbers of neutrophils and fibrin.
The filling of airspaces by the exudate leads to a gross appearance of solidification, or
consolidation, of the alveolar parenchyma. This appearance has been likened to that of
the liver, hence the term "hepatization".
• Grey hepatization: Red blood cells disintegrate, with persistence of the neutrophils and
fibrin. The alveoli still appear consolidated, but grossly the color is paler and the cut
surface is drier. This is when death typically occurs in severe cases.
• Resolution (complete recovery): The exudate is digested by enzymatic activity, and
cleared by macrophages or by cough mechanism. Enzymes produced by neutrophils will
liquify exudates, and this will either be coughed up in sputum or be drained via lymph.

7. Diagnosis
• The most common organisms which cause lobar pneumonia are Streptococcus
pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella
catarrhalis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus, may also cause
lobar pneumonia if pulmonary tuberculosis is not treated promptly. Other
organisms that cause lobar pneumonia are Legionella
pneumophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae.[2]
• Like other types of pneumonia, lobar pneumonia can present as community
acquired, in immune suppressed patients or as nosocomial infection. However,
most causative organisms are of the community acquired type. Pathological
specimens to be obtained for investigations include:
• Sputum for culture, AAFBS and gram stain
• Blood for full hemogram/complete blood count, ESR and other acute phase
reactants
• Procalcitonin test, more specific
• On a posteroanterior and lateral chest radiograph, an entire lobe will be
radiopaque, which is indicative of lobar pneumonia.[5]

9. Treatment
• The first-line treatment for pneumonia in adults is
macrolide antibiotics, like azithromycin or
erythromycin. In children, the first-line treatment
for bacterial pneumonia is typically amoxicillin.

10. Reference
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia

11. Thank you.