Patients and health staff are at risk of transmitting tuberculosis in hospitals, especially if cases are undetected or untreated. Those who are smear-positive are more infectious than smear-negative patients, and contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant TB are at higher risk of infection than those exposed to drug-sensitive TB. Proper monitoring, treatment, and infection control measures are needed to prevent transmission and improve outcomes for drug-resistant TB patients.

1. • Patients , Health staff and visitors are factors favour disease transmission.
• The sources of transmission in hospitals can involve to Hypertransmitions if
Undetected, - Untreated TB - Patients wiThe important questions is Who is
infectious?
Patient TB is still infectious When not treated with effective treatment, acid
fast bacilli Smear and culture did not convert and there are no clinical and
radiological improvement.
Smear sputum M.Tb positive more infectious than smear sputum M.Tb
negative whether culture M.Tb positive or negative
Contacts of patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis were at higher risk
of tb infection than contacts exposed to drug sensitive tuberculosis
th known TB, but unknown drug resistance (receiving ineffective therapy)

2. • the decision to use the newer WHO-recommended short course
versus individualized regimen in selected patients will be
dependent on several factors, including previous treatment,
local resistance profiles, patient acceptance, and the
requirement for proven or highly likely fluoroquinolone and
aminoglycoside isolate susceptibility, and absence of probable
or proven resistance to any of the components of the regimen
(except isoniazid)68 •
• What ever the duration of the regimen used, psychosocial and
financial support are crucial elements to maintain adherence •
Patients should be monitored for adverse drug reactions

3. • Died A TB patient who dies for any reason before starting or during the course of
treatment.
Lost to follow-upA TB patient who did not start treatment or whose treatment was
interrupted for 2 consecutive months or more.
Treatment failureLack of conversion by the end of the intensive phasea , or bacteriological
reversion in the continuation phase after conversion to negative, or evidence of additional
acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones or second-line injectable drugs, or adverse drug
reactions (ADRs)

4. • The definition of relapse and reinfection was based on comparison of
M. tuberculosis DNA fingerprint patterns using RFLP restriction
fragment length polymorphismanalysis . More advanced methods
such as Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) may be more powerful to
discriminate different strains.

5. • Side effect : prolong QT from bedaquline an fluoroquinolone, side
effects (depression, convulsions, consciousness, psychosis, suicide; ),
especially due to the cycloserine. Major adverse events related to
linezolid include anaemia, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal
disorders, optic neuritis and thrombocytopenia.
• Stigma in the context of MDR-TB negatively impacts the patient
in accessing healthcare facilities.The impact of stigma reported
has led to divorce, cancellation of impending marriages,
breakdown of family relationships and also isolation within the
family

6. • Inability to work due to the side effects of the drugs and therefore
loss of income has been a major impediment leading to treatment
default.
• Because of these barrier most of patient experiented Treatment
faulire and psychological distress and the status remain infectious so
the patient cannot return to work

7. • Monitoring therapy for DRTB patients
• - Clinical,
• - Laboratory
• - Microbiology and
• - Radiology.
• WHO guidelines suggest monthly sputum smear microscopy and
• culture as an adjunct to clinical monitoring of patients to assess treatment
outcome.
• in DRTB patient Modest specificity and the best maximum combined
sensitivity and
• specificity occurred between month 6 and month 10 of treatment

8. .
In a situation of failure (e.g. when
- Smear and culture do not convert, Initial response with subsequent culture
reversion,
- The need for a regimen change because of adverse events or acquired drug
resistance (the treatment is not effective).
- Clinical and radiological indicators deteriorate
the patient is likely to be still infectious.
Colony numbers (in smear cultures) and time or cycles to positivity in molecular
detection can also be used to assess the treatment response in clinical trials, but not
for assessing infectiousness unless providing evidence of treatment failure

9. • A TB patient should be discharged from hospital if:
• There is no continuing clinical need for inpatient treatment
• Clinical improvement is observed after administration of effective therapy
• Effective treatment has been ensured
• and continuity of care and DOT have been ensured in outpatient, home or
community settings.
• Effective treatment of TB can rapidly render patients noninfectious, long before
conversion of sputum acid-fast smear or culture to negative occurs The median
time to convert sputum culture to a negative result was 38.5 days
• positive smear is not a contraindication for hospital discharge.

10. HOSPITAL DISCHARGE CRITERIA
• Confirmed MDR-TB Prior to discharge from the hospital, continuation
of care and monitoring during the outpatient phase of treatment
must be ensured.
If patient
• Unable to produce sputum
• Overall symptoms have improved
Discharge decisions should be taken by a multidisciplinary team

11. Criteria for hospital admission
• A proportion of cases still need to be admitted for medical reasons,
including
• Severe cases,
• Life threatening conditions,
• Comorbidities,
• Psychiatric problems,
• Adverse drug reactions and,
• For social reasons

12. Occupational risk for TB infection

13. • The rate of diagnosis of active TB in HCWs has consistently been
reported to be higher than that for the general population in a
number of studies conducted in countries with low and high TB
prevalence
• HCWs globally are at increased risk for TB infection and disease, although
rates of occupationally acquired TB are highest in low and middle-income
countries , In these settings, drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) also affects HCWs
at a greater frequency than the communities they serve.
• Clinical staff (nurses and doctors) appear to be at highest risk

14. TB among HCWs leads to :
- Worker absenteism,
- Disruption of health services, - Loss
of productivity.

15. Return to work Criteria for DR TB patients
• 1. Have had three negative AFB sputum smear results collected 8–24
hours apart (at least one of which should be an early morning
specimen)
• 2. Have responded to anti-TB treatment that should be effective
based on drug susceptibility testing results
• The assessment of whether TB patient is no longer infectious and can
return to work should be made by a physician who has expertise in
the management of TB.
• Return to work will be linked to medical certification that the
employee is no longer infectious and is not otherwise ill or
incapacitated for his or her usual work.

16. Patients with pulmonary DR TB can be considered non-infectious when:
1. They have received adequate chemotherapy for two to three weeks;
2. They show clinical improvement; and
3. There is a negligible chance of MDR-TB
• Dharmadhikari et al. and Finenelly et al concluded that the standard
MDR-TB treatment used in South Africa rapidly and effectively
suppresses MDR-TB disease transmission, regardless of the sputum
smear and culture status
• rapid fall in infectiousness of patients after starting treatment,
Loudon theorized that evaporation of the droplet nuclei could
increase the drug concentration around bacilli

17. • The definition of relapse and reinfection was based on comparison of
M. tuberculosis DNA
• fingerprint patterns using RFLP analysis – state of the art method at
the time this study was
• conducted. More advanced methods such as Whole Genome
Sequencing (WGS) may be
• more powerful to discriminate different strains. However, using WGS
was beyond the scope
• of our study

18. Mycobacterium tuberculosis as Biohazards
Precautions against airborne infection transmission are necessary because
biohazards, such as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes TB, are
transmitted by airborne droplets.
WHO suggests that people deemed to be at a low risk of RR-TB and /MDR-
TB should be placed in single rooms and that those at a high risk should
ideally be accommodated in a negative-pressure room while rapid
diagnostic tests are urgently performed until effective treatment starts
Precautions against airborne infection transmission are necessary
because biohazards, such as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis that
causes TB, are transmitted by airborne droplets.
WHO suggests that people deemed to be at a low risk of RR-TB and
/MDR-TB should be placed in single rooms and that those at a high
risk should ideally be accommodated in a negative-pressure room
while rapid diagnostic tests are urgently performed until effective
treatment starts

19. Administrative controls
International Labour Office Health WISE Action Manual. 2014;1
• Control the spread of pathogens by using cough etiquette
• Reduce the time a person stays in a health facility and treat promptly those
infected
• Identify promptly and early people with TB symptoms, quarantinee infectious
patients.
• Train health workers TB signs, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and
infection control.

20. International Labour Office Health WISE Action Manual. 2014;1
Environmental
controls

21. CONCLUSION