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2.  There are many special techniques or process for
control and prevention of communicable diseases.
These are:
 Surveillance
 Isolation
 Notification
 Reporting

3.  surveillance means to watch over with great
attention, authority and often with suspicion . In
community health surveillance is defined as "the
continuous scrutiny of the factors that determine
the occurrence and distribution of disease and
other conditions of ill health"

4.  Surveillance is the ongoing systematic
collection, analysis, and interpretation of
outcome specific data for use in planning,
implementing and evaluating public health
policies and practices

5.  To provide information about new and
changing trends in the health status of a
community like morbidity, mortality,
nutritional status, environmental hazards,
health practices and other factors that may
affect health

6. To provide feed-back which may be
essential to modify the policy and the
system itself and lead to redefinition of
objectives and plans.

7. To provide timely warning of public
health disasters so that interventions
can be initiated and resources are
mobilized.

8.  To identify contacts who may be infected or
other individuals at risk for infection.
 To determine the incidence and prevalence
of disease in a specific area of the state

9.  Process of surveillance includes the following
functions
1. Care detection, 2. case registration, 3. case
confirmation , 4. reporting, 5. data analysis and
interpertaion, 6. epidemic preparedness, 7.
Response and control, 8. feedback

10.  Isolation is the oldest and very effective communicable
disease control measure. It is defined as "separation, for the
period of communicability of infected persons or animals
from others in such places and under such conditions, as to
prevent or limit the direct or indirect transmission of the
infectious agent from those infected to those who are
susceptible, or who may spread the agent to others"

11. The main purpose of isolation is to protect
the community by preventing transfer of
infection from the reservoir to the possible
susceptible hosts and to control the
disease by limiting the spread.

12. The type of isolation varies with the
mode of spread and severity of the
disease. There are several types of
isolation –
standard isolation,

13. standard isolation,
Strict isolation,
protective isolation,
high security isolation
Home isolation

14. Hospital isolation,
Respiratory isolation,
Enteric isolation,
 The precautions recommended for each category
are determined almost entirely by the
epidemiologic features of the diseases

15. Notification is a process of informing about
detection of communicable diseases to the
authorities which are responsible for
controlling and preventing them.

16.  Notification is an important source of
epidemiological information. It enables early
detection of disease outbreaks, which permits
immediate action to be taken by the health
authority to control their spread.

17.  Notification of infectious diseases is often made
by the attending doctor, but any one, including
the lay people can notify the disease. In all
cases, the diagnosis is verified by the local
health authority.

18.  Notifiable Medical Conditions are diseases that
are of public health importance because they
pose significant public health risks that can
result in disease outbreaks or epidemics with
high case fatality rates both nationally and
internationally.

19.  The diseases to be notified vary from country
to country; and even within the same country.
Usually, diseases which are considered to be
serious menaces to public health are included in
the list of notifiable diseases.

20.  Communicable disease control is a public
health priority at the international level to
prevent the spread of contagious diseases.
control of communicable disease requires an
accurate and efficient reporting system at all
levels

21.  If the reporting system is effective and the
coverage is on a national or representative
basis, it can provide useful data on morbidity
from the particular diseases, treatment given
and disease-specific mortality.

22.  Reporting of cases of communicable disease is
important in the planning and evaluation of
disease prevention and control. Reporting is an
integral part of effective surveillance. There
should be a proper format at each level to
report cases of diseases.

23.  It is absolutely necessary that Each local health authority, in
conformity with regulations of higher authority, should
determine what diseases are to be reported routinely. Case
reports of a communicable disease provide minimal
identifying data of name, address, diagnosis, age, gender
and date of report for each patient

24. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )