The document discusses the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The upper appendage includes the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, while the lower appendage includes the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The lower limb bones must support the entire weight of the body and are the largest and heaviest. Each lower limb contains 31 bones, including the pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The document provides detailed descriptions of each bone and joint of the lower limb.

1. DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )
The Appendicular Skeleton,

2. Appendicular
skeleton

3. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 The appendicular skeleton refers to
those structures that are appended to the
axial skeleton.
 The pectoral girdle and the upper limbs
form the upper appendage.
 The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs
form the lower appendage.

4. differ in function
but
Share the same structural plan
Upper and lower limbs

5. Bones of LOWER limb

6. THE LOWER LIMB
• The bones of the lower limb must support the weight of
the entire body, thus, these are the largest and heaviest of
the bones.
• The lower limb consists of:
– The Pelvic Girdle
– The thigh
– The leg
– The foot
• Each lower limb is formed by 31 bones.

7. The Lower Limb
• Carries the entire weight of the erect body
• Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger
than those of upper limb
• Divided into three segments
– Thigh, leg, and foot

9. THE PELVIC GIRDLE
• The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
• The attachment of the pelvis to the sacrum is an incredibly
stable and strong attachment, unlike the pectoral girdle.
• The socket for the femur (acetabulum) is deep & holds the
femur extremely well.
– Less mobile ball & socket joint than the shoulder.
• Each wing of the pelvic girdle is formed from a bone called the
coxal bone.

10. VIEW OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE

11. Pelvic Girdle
• Attaches lower limbs to the trunk (spine)
• Supports visceral organs
• Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
• Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the
femur
• Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
• Are more stable than the arm

12. Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
• Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
• Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
PLAY Hip

13. Bony Pelvis
• A deep, basin-like structure
• Formed by
– Coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

14. Bony Pelvis
Figure 8.8a
PLAY Pelvis

15. Coxal Bones
• Consist of three separate bones in childhood
– Ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Bones fuse – retain separate names to regions
of the coxal bones
• Acetabulum
– A deep hemispherical socket on lateral pelvic
surface

16. Ilium
• Large, flaring bone
• Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
• Site of attachment for many muscles
• Articulation with the sacrum forms sacroiliac
joint

17. Ischium
• Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
• Anteriorly – joins the pubis
• Ischial tuberosities
– Are the strongest part of the hip bone

18. Pubis
• Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
• Lies horizontally in anatomical position
• Pubic symphysis
– The two pubic bones are joined by fibrocartilage
at the midline

19. Lateral and Medial Views of the Hip
Bone

20. True and False Pelves
• Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
– False (greater) pelvis – bounded by alae of the
iliac bones
– True (lesser) pelvis – inferior to pelvic brim
• Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs

21. True and
False Pelves
Figure 8.9b

22. Pelvic Structures and Childbearing
• Major differences between male and female
pelves
– Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
• Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
• Provides more room in the true pelvis

23. FEMALE VS. MALE PELVIS

24. Female and Male Pelves
Table 8.2 (2 of 2)

25. Female and Male Pelves
Table 8.2 (1 of 2)

26. Thigh
• The region of the lower limb between the hip
and the knee
• Femur – the single bone of the thigh

27.  Longest and
strongest bone of
the body
 Ball-shaped
head articulates
with the
acetabulum
The Femur

28. Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone
• Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles
• Protects the knee anteriorly
• Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across
the knee

29. Leg
• Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee
and the ankle
• Composed of the tibia and fibula
– Tibia – more massive medial bone of the leg
• Receives weight of the body from the femur
– Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg
• Interosseous membrane
– Connects the tibia and fibula
PLAY Knee

30. Leg
• Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
– Forms the knee joint
• Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
– Forms the ankle joint
• Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
– Stabilizes the ankle joint

31. Bones of
the Leg
Slide
 The leg has
two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c

32. Structures of the Tibia and Fibula
Figure 8.11a, b

33. The Foot
• Foot is composed of
– Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
• Important functions
– Supports body weight
– Acts as a lever to propel body forward when
walking
– Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to
uneven ground

34. Tarsus
• Makes up the posterior half of the foot
• Contains seven bones called tarsals
• Body weight is primarily borne by the talus
and calcaneus

35. Metatarsus
• Consists of five small long bones called
metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux
(great toe)
• First metatarsal supports body weight

36. Phalanges of the Toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes
– Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
– Structure and arrangement are similar to
phalanges of fingers
– Except for the great toe, each toe has three
phalanges
• Proximal, middle, and distal

37. Bones of the Foot
Slide 5.41
 The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals –
sole
Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25

38. Bones of
the Foot
Figure 8.12a

39. Bones of the Foot
Figure 8.12b

40. Bones of the Foot
Figure 8.12c
PLAY Bones of the Foot

41. Arches of the Foot
• Foot has three important arches
– Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
– Transverse arch
• Arches are maintained by
– Interlocking shapes of tarsals
– Ligaments and tendons

42. Arches of the Foot
Figure 8.13

43. Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
• Bone fractures
• Hip dysplasia
– Head of the femur slips out of acetabulum
• Clubfoot
– Soles of the feet turn medially

44. Fractures
Buckle Fractures-Distal Tibia &Fibula Displaced Fracture Femur& Fracture Patella

45. The Appendicular Skeleton
Throughout Life
• Growth of the appendicular skeleton
– Increases height
– Changes body proportions
• Upper-lower body ratio changes with age
– At birth head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as
lower limbs
– Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk
– Upper-lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by age 10

46. The Appendicular Skeleton
Throughout Life
• Few changes occur in adult skeleton until
middle age, when
– Skeleton loses mass
– Osteoporosis and limb fractures become more
common

47. Changes in Body Proportions
Figure 8.14

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BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )

50. QUIZ - 1
• How many bones are there in the adult
human body?
• 406
• 306
• 206
• 106

51. QUIZ - 2
• What is the longest bone in the human body?
• Femur
• Back bone (spine)
• Patella
• Greater Trochanter

52. QUIZ - 3
• Which one of these is not a function of the
human skeleton?
• To support and protect certain internal soft vital organs.
• To store calcium deposits and other minerals.
• To produce red blood cells granular white blood cells and
platelets.
• To help stabilise the bodies natural body temperature.

53. QUIZ - 4
• Which of these is not a type of bone?
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Thin

54. QUIZ - 5
• What is produced within the human body’s
bones?
• Red blood cells.
• Nothing bones are solid.
• Nothing bones are dead cavity tissue.
• Vitamin C

55. QUIZ - 6
• Bones have a thin outer skin that serves as an
attachment point for muscles and bones
through tendons and ligaments, what is this
called?
• Epidermis
• Calcium
• Periosteum
• Bone marrow

56. QUIZ - 7
• The vertebrae (backbone) have a number of
different regions and separate bones, how
many regions and bones.
• 4 regions 27 bones
• 5 regions 33 bones
• 6 regions 39 bones
• 17 regions 6 bones

57. QUIZ - 8
• An X-ray shows a crack along the Talus bone,
where is this bone found?
• At the rear of your jawbone.
• At your thumb joint within your wrist. Within
your foot.
• This bone does not exist.

58. QUIZ - 9
• What is the more common name for the
clavicle bone?
• Jaw bone
• Chest Plate
• Collar Bone
• Knee Cap

59. GET IN TOUCH AT:
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www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YouTube Channel :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
BY:
DR RAI M. AMMAR MADNI
( M.B.B.S , RMP )