3. Original 81:Original 81:
• In their work over the past twenty years,In their work over the past twenty years,
Susan Bassenett and André Lefevere haveSusan Bassenett and André Lefevere have
consistently built bridges within the field ofconsistently built bridges within the field of
translation studies and developedtranslation studies and developed
interdisciplinary connections to fields of studyinterdisciplinary connections to fields of study
outside the discipline. In 1990, they were the firstoutside the discipline. In 1990, they were the first
to suggest that translation studies take theto suggest that translation studies take the
‘cultural turn’ and look toward work of cultural‘cultural turn’ and look toward work of cultural
studies scholars. In their new bookstudies scholars. In their new book ConstructingConstructing
CulturesCultures, they present a strong case for moving, they present a strong case for moving
the field of cultural studies closer to translationthe field of cultural studies closer to translation
studies.studies.
4. Original 81 (continued):Original 81 (continued):
• New strategies gleaned from translationNew strategies gleaned from translation
histories, such as we see in Lefevere’shistories, such as we see in Lefevere’s
discussion of Aeneid translations ordiscussion of Aeneid translations or
Bassanett’s discussion of InfernoBassanett’s discussion of Inferno
translations that follow, not only givetranslations that follow, not only give
translators more insight into the actualtranslators more insight into the actual
practice of translation, but they also givepractice of translation, but they also give
cultural studies critics new insight intocultural studies critics new insight into
cultural manipulation by those in power.cultural manipulation by those in power.
5. Original 81 (continued):Original 81 (continued):
• Following Bassnett and Lefevere,Following Bassnett and Lefevere,
translators have increasingly becometranslators have increasingly become
more empowered and less self-effacing, amore empowered and less self-effacing, a
development that has allowed theorists todevelopment that has allowed theorists to
better view the process of mediatingbetter view the process of mediating
between cultures and /or of introducingbetween cultures and /or of introducing
different words, forms, cultural nuances,different words, forms, cultural nuances,
and meaning into their own respectiveand meaning into their own respective
cultures.cultures.
• (Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: ix)(Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: ix)
6. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
8. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ：：
• The selection consists of five sentences, ofThe selection consists of five sentences, of
which the first is in a simple sentence; thewhich the first is in a simple sentence; the
second is a complex sentence, composed of asecond is a complex sentence, composed of a
main clause and an object clause; the third ismain clause and an object clause; the third is
again a simple sentence; the fourth is aagain a simple sentence; the fourth is a
compound sentence, composed of twocompound sentence, composed of two
coordinate clauses, but the subject of the firstcoordinate clauses, but the subject of the first
coordinate clause has an attributive clausecoordinate clause has an attributive clause
embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,
followed by an appositive nominal phrase, infollowed by an appositive nominal phrase, in
which there is an attributive clause embedded.which there is an attributive clause embedded.
For this reason, the fourth can be regarded as aFor this reason, the fourth can be regarded as a
compound complex sentence and the last cancompound complex sentence and the last can
be regarded as a complex sentence.be regarded as a complex sentence.
9. (2) Additional complication(2) Additional complication ：：
• The first three sentences each beginThe first three sentences each begin
with a prepositional phrase; in the fourthwith a prepositional phrase; in the fourth
sentence, the part after the first commasentence, the part after the first comma
assumes a parenthetic structure; and theassumes a parenthetic structure; and the
last sentence begins with a presentlast sentence begins with a present
participle phrase and it has a longparticiple phrase and it has a long
appositive phrase at its end with anappositive phrase at its end with an
attributive clause embedded.attributive clause embedded.
11. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ：：
• All the five sentences are periodic inAll the five sentences are periodic in
structure either for the beginning withstructure either for the beginning with
prepositional or participle phrases or forprepositional or participle phrases or for
the embedding of the parenthesis.the embedding of the parenthesis.
12. (2) Structural complication:(2) Structural complication:
• AS can be seen from the grammaticalAS can be seen from the grammatical
analysis and the analysis of theanalysis and the analysis of the
periodicity, of the five, four are eitherperiodicity, of the five, four are either
complex or compound complexcomplex or compound complex
sentences, and all the five sentences aresentences, and all the five sentences are
periodic in structure. All this indicates thatperiodic in structure. All this indicates that
the selection is rather structurallythe selection is rather structurally
complicated.complicated.
13. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ：：
• In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used,In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used,
for example,for example, Susan BassenettSusan Bassenett andand André LefevereAndré Lefevere;; builtbuilt
bridges within the field of translation studiesbridges within the field of translation studies andand
developed interdisciplinary connections to fields of studydeveloped interdisciplinary connections to fields of study
outside the disciplineoutside the discipline;; take the ‘cultural turn’take the ‘cultural turn’ andand looklook
toward work of cultural studies scholarstoward work of cultural studies scholars;; Lefevere’sLefevere’s
discussion of Aeneid translationsdiscussion of Aeneid translations oror Bassanett’sBassanett’s
discussion of Inferno translationsdiscussion of Inferno translations;; not only givenot only give
translators more insight into the actual practice oftranslators more insight into the actual practice of
translationtranslation, but, but they also give cultural studies critics newthey also give cultural studies critics new
insight into cultural manipulationinsight into cultural manipulation;; more empoweredmore empowered andand
less self-effacingless self-effacing;; of mediating between culturesof mediating between cultures and /orand /or
of introducing different words, forms, cultural nuances,of introducing different words, forms, cultural nuances,
and meaning into their own respective culturesand meaning into their own respective cultures; and; and
wordswords,, formsforms,, cultural nuancescultural nuances, and, and meaningmeaning..
14. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ：：
• In terms of cohesive device, examples could beIn terms of cohesive device, examples could be
found as follows: parallel structures are frequentlyfound as follows: parallel structures are frequently
used;used; Susan BassenettSusan Bassenett andand André LefevereAndré Lefevere areare
repeated either singularly or in combination; therepeated either singularly or in combination; the
pronounpronoun theythey is repeatedly used to refer tois repeatedly used to refer to SusanSusan
BassenettBassenett andand André LefevereAndré Lefevere;; cultural turncultural turn andand
cultural studiescultural studies are used in connection, with the latterare used in connection, with the latter
repeated used;repeated used; the fieldthe field,, interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary,, field of studyfield of study,,
discipledisciple andand translation studiestranslation studies are used either asare used either as
synonyms or in contrast;synonyms or in contrast; translationtranslation andand translatorstranslators areare
repeatedly used in a related manner, and so on.repeatedly used in a related manner, and so on.
15. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ：：
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, consistentlyconsistently,, translationtranslation,, developdevelop,,
interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary,, culturalcultural,, scholarscholar,, constructingconstructing,,
presentpresent,, strategystrategy,, historyhistory,, translatortranslator,, practicepractice,,
criticscritics,, insightinsight,, manipulationmanipulation,, increasinglyincreasingly,,
empowerempower, and others., and others.
16. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
18. Comments:Comments:
• The present translation has two preeminentThe present translation has two preeminent
characteristics. First, it follows the original strictly, andcharacteristics. First, it follows the original strictly, and
consequently, some expressions are too long andconsequently, some expressions are too long and
clumsy, for example,clumsy, for example, 我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译《阿我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译《阿
雷得》的或巴斯内特关于翻译《尹佛诺》的讨论中会看到雷得》的或巴斯内特关于翻译《尹佛诺》的讨论中会看到
，新的翻译策略，从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅为译者提，新的翻译策略，从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅为译者提
供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野，也为文化研究批评家们供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野，也为文化研究批评家们
提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点 andand 这种发展这种发展
趋势，使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程，同时或趋势，使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程，同时或
者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义
引入他们自己的文化的过程引入他们自己的文化的过程 . Secondly, the translations. Secondly, the translations
of Aeneid and Inferno intoof Aeneid and Inferno into 《阿雷得》《阿雷得》 andand 《尹佛《尹佛
诺》诺》 are against translation conventions.are against translation conventions.
20. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, all the weak pointsIn the present translation, all the weak points
are eliminated. However, the meaning of the firstare eliminated. However, the meaning of the first
sentence is not made explicit, andsentence is not made explicit, and 后面勒菲弗后面勒菲弗
尔对《埃涅依特》的各种译本所作的讨论，或巴尔对《埃涅依特》的各种译本所作的讨论，或巴
斯内特对《地狱篇》的各种译本所作的讨论可以斯内特对《地狱篇》的各种译本所作的讨论可以
看出，新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅为译看出，新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅为译
者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力，而者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力，而
且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化
操纵提供了新的视角操纵提供了新的视角 is still a clumsy translation.is still a clumsy translation.
23. Comments:Comments:
• Compared with the previous translation, the presentCompared with the previous translation, the present
translation has included two great changes. First,translation has included two great changes. First, 在过去在过去
的的 2020 年中，年中，苏珊苏珊 .. 巴斯内特和安德烈巴斯内特和安德烈 .. 勒菲弗尔不断著书勒菲弗尔不断著书
立说，努力在翻译研究领域内部进行沟通，架设通向翻译立说，努力在翻译研究领域内部进行沟通，架设通向翻译
研究领域之外的桥梁研究领域之外的桥梁 andand 本书的后面，勒菲弗尔将对《埃本书的后面，勒菲弗尔将对《埃
涅依特》涅依特》①①
的各种译本进行讨论，巴斯内特将对《地狱的各种译本进行讨论，巴斯内特将对《地狱
篇》篇》②②
的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出，新的研究策的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出，新的研究策
略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际
过程，而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提过程，而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提
供了新的视角供了新的视角 are substituted for the corresponding partsare substituted for the corresponding parts
in the previous translation. Secondly, two notes arein the previous translation. Secondly, two notes are
added for the convenience of the reader.added for the convenience of the reader.
24. Original 82:Original 82:
• We also need to learn more about the texts thatWe also need to learn more about the texts that
constitute the cultural capital of other civilizations, andconstitute the cultural capital of other civilizations, and
we need to learn about them in ways that try towe need to learn about them in ways that try to
overcome, or bypass the kiss of death bestowed byovercome, or bypass the kiss of death bestowed by
acculturation through analogy. Haikus are not epigrams,acculturation through analogy. Haikus are not epigrams,
Chinese novels have their own rules, both the textualChinese novels have their own rules, both the textual
and conceptual grids of other civilizations should not beand conceptual grids of other civilizations should not be
reduced to those of the West.reduced to those of the West.
• We need to find out how to translate the culturalWe need to find out how to translate the cultural
capital of other civilizations in a way that preserves atcapital of other civilizations in a way that preserves at
least part of their own nature, without producingleast part of their own nature, without producing
translations that are so low on the entertainment factortranslations that are so low on the entertainment factor
that they appeal only to those who read for professionalthat they appeal only to those who read for professional
reasons.reasons.
25. Original 82 (continued):Original 82 (continued):
• Perhaps this is another area in which different forms ofPerhaps this is another area in which different forms of
rewriting need to cooperate: we could imagine therewriting need to cooperate: we could imagine the
translated text, translated by a long introduction whichtranslated text, translated by a long introduction which
sets out to show how the original text works on its ownsets out to show how the original text works on its own
terms, within its own grid, rather than to tell readers onlyterms, within its own grid, rather than to tell readers only
what it is ‘like’ or even ‘most like’ in their own cultures.what it is ‘like’ or even ‘most like’ in their own cultures.
This kind of attempt is mot likely to bring us up againstThis kind of attempt is mot likely to bring us up against
the limits of translation, a necessary confrontation, forthe limits of translation, a necessary confrontation, for
without such a challenge, how else are we ever towithout such a challenge, how else are we ever to
overcome such limits and move on?overcome such limits and move on?
• (Bassnett and Lefevere 2000: 11)(Bassnett and Lefevere 2000: 11)
26. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
28. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ：：
• The selection consists of two paragraphs, of which theThe selection consists of two paragraphs, of which the
first is composed of two sentences while the secondfirst is composed of two sentences while the second
paragraph is composed of three sentences. In the firstparagraph is composed of three sentences. In the first
paragraph, the first is a compound sentence, composedparagraph, the first is a compound sentence, composed
of two coordinate clauses, each with an attributive clauseof two coordinate clauses, each with an attributive clause
embedded. In this sense, the sentence can be regardedembedded. In this sense, the sentence can be regarded
as a compound complex one. The second is also aas a compound complex one. The second is also a
compound sentence, composed of three coordinatecompound sentence, composed of three coordinate
clauses. In the second paragraph, the first is a complexclauses. In the second paragraph, the first is a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and an ellipticsentence, composed of a main clause and an elliptic
object clause, which in turn has an attributive clauseobject clause, which in turn has an attributive clause
embedded; and at the end of the sentence, there is aembedded; and at the end of the sentence, there is a
prepositional phrase, in which there is an attributiveprepositional phrase, in which there is an attributive
clause embedded, which is in theclause embedded, which is in the so… that…so… that… patternpattern
with the clause introduced bywith the clause introduced by thatthat serving as adverbial ofserving as adverbial of
result.result.
29. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• The second is a compound sentence, composed of twoThe second is a compound sentence, composed of two
coordinate clauses, connected by a colon; in the firstcoordinate clauses, connected by a colon; in the first
coordinate clause, there is another clause embeddedcoordinate clause, there is another clause embedded
serving as the prepositional object; the secondserving as the prepositional object; the second
coordinate clause is composed of a clause and a pastcoordinate clause is composed of a clause and a past
participle phrase, which has an attributive clauseparticiple phrase, which has an attributive clause
embedded, and in the attributive clause, there are twoembedded, and in the attributive clause, there are two
coordinate infinitive phrases connected bycoordinate infinitive phrases connected by rather thanrather than,,
and each infinitive phrase has an object clauseand each infinitive phrase has an object clause
embedded. The third is a compound sentence,embedded. The third is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses connected bycomposed of two coordinate clauses connected by forfor..
30. (2) Additional complication(2) Additional complication ：：
• The two sentences in the firstThe two sentences in the first
paragraph do not present any additionalparagraph do not present any additional
complication. In the second paragraph,complication. In the second paragraph,
however, the first sentence has a longhowever, the first sentence has a long
prepositional phrase positioned at the endprepositional phrase positioned at the end
of the sentence; the second sentenceof the sentence; the second sentence
begins with an adverb; the third sentencebegins with an adverb; the third sentence
has a parenthetic structure embeddedhas a parenthetic structure embedded
after the first comma.after the first comma.
32. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ：：
• In the first paragraph, the two sentences areIn the first paragraph, the two sentences are
loose in structure; in the second paragraph, theloose in structure; in the second paragraph, the
first sentence is loose in structure if thefirst sentence is loose in structure if the
prepositional phrase at the end of the sentenceprepositional phrase at the end of the sentence
is not regarded as parenthetic; the secondis not regarded as parenthetic; the second
sentence begins with an adverb and can besentence begins with an adverb and can be
regarded as periodic; the third sentence has aregarded as periodic; the third sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded and is periodicparenthetic structure embedded and is periodic
in structure.in structure.
33. (2) Structural complication:(2) Structural complication:
• Generally speaking, the selection isGenerally speaking, the selection is
structurally complicated. Specifically, allstructurally complicated. Specifically, all
the sentences are either compound orthe sentences are either compound or
compound complex in structure; twocompound complex in structure; two
sentences have either a parenthesissentences have either a parenthesis
embedded or a complicated beginning.embedded or a complicated beginning.
34. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ：：
• In the selection, parallel structures areIn the selection, parallel structures are
frequently used, for example,frequently used, for example, overcomeovercome,,
oror bypassbypass;; Haikus are not epigramsHaikus are not epigrams,,
Chinese novels have their own rulesChinese novels have their own rules;;
textualtextual andand conceptualconceptual;; on its own termson its own terms,,
within its own gridwithin its own grid;; to show…, rather thento show…, rather then
to tell…to tell…; and; and ‘like’‘like’ oror even ‘most like’even ‘most like’..
35. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ：：
• In terms of cohesive device, examples couldIn terms of cohesive device, examples could
be found as follows: parallel structures arebe found as follows: parallel structures are
frequently used;frequently used; wewe,, cultural capitalcultural capital,, translatedtranslated,,
ownown,, likelike andand limitslimits are repeated; the pronounare repeated; the pronoun
themthem is used to refer tois used to refer to other civilizationsother civilizations;;
culturalcultural,, acculturationacculturation andand cultureculture are used asare used as
cognates;cognates; textualtextual is used as a partial repetitionis used as a partial repetition
ofof texttext; and there are others.; and there are others.
36. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ：：
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, constituteconstitute,, culturalcultural,, capitalcapital,, civilizationcivilization,,
learnlearn,, overcomeovercome,, bypassbypass,, bestowbestow,, acculturationacculturation,,
analogyanalogy,, epigramepigram,, novelnovel,, textualtextual,, conceptualconceptual,,
reducereduce,, translatetranslate,, preservepreserve,, naturenature,, producingproducing,,
translationtranslation,, entertainmententertainment,, appealappeal,, professionalprofessional,,
and many others.and many others.
37. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
39. Comments:Comments:
• Through translation, we have produced basically a readable,Through translation, we have produced basically a readable,
coherent and authentic text except for a mistake that Haiku is a formcoherent and authentic text except for a mistake that Haiku is a form
of Japanese poetry and Haikus is the plural form of Haiku. However,of Japanese poetry and Haikus is the plural form of Haiku. However,
some sentences are too long, and the coherence betweensome sentences are too long, and the coherence between
sentences is not sound enough. For example,sentences is not sound enough. For example, 我们还必须学会更多我们还必须学会更多
地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本，我们要学会了解这些文明试图地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本，我们要学会了解这些文明试图
征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式 ;; 我们必须发现如我们必须发现如
何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色，而何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色，而
不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作 ; and; and 也许也许
，这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域，这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域：：我们可以想象，我们可以想象，
翻译过的文本，带上一个很长的引言，以揭示原文文本在自己的网络翻译过的文本，带上一个很长的引言，以揭示原文文本在自己的网络
系统中是如何别具一格的，而不是告诉读者，在他们自己的文化里，系统中是如何别具一格的，而不是告诉读者，在他们自己的文化里，
原文“像”个什么样子的或“酷似”什么样子的原文“像”个什么样子的或“酷似”什么样子的 are too long for theare too long for the
Chinese reader and the parts before and after the colon in theChinese reader and the parts before and after the colon in the
above translation are not coherent enough.above translation are not coherent enough.
41. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, the mistake is putIn the present translation, the mistake is put
right now. Moreover, the first sentence of theright now. Moreover, the first sentence of the
original is translated shorter by omitting theoriginal is translated shorter by omitting the
repeated partrepeated part 我们还得学会我们还得学会 ; in the translation of; in the translation of
the second paragraph of the original suchthe second paragraph of the original such
translation techniques as insertion of a phrase ortranslation techniques as insertion of a phrase or
two for better coherence, making impliedtwo for better coherence, making implied
meaning more explicit and so on are employed.meaning more explicit and so on are employed.
For example,For example, 在这个领域中在这个领域中 andand 翻译时有翻译时有 areare
inserted;inserted; 为参照为参照 ;; 这种尝试这种尝试 ; and; and 跨越这种极限跨越这种极限
are more explicit expressions.are more explicit expressions.
44. Comments:Comments:
• The present translation is different from the previous inThe present translation is different from the previous in
two aspects. First, liberal translation, so to speak, istwo aspects. First, liberal translation, so to speak, is
more frequently employed, for example,more frequently employed, for example, 文本是构成他文文本是构成他文
化的文化资本的有机成分，我们还得学会更多地了解文本化的文化资本的有机成分，我们还得学会更多地了解文本
andand 通过类比夷平文化差异，这是死亡之吻通过类比夷平文化差异，这是死亡之吻①①
。。我们还得了我们还得了
解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的 are used toare used to
translate the first sentence in the original and thetranslate the first sentence in the original and the
translation is executed irrespective of the originaltranslation is executed irrespective of the original
structure, at least.structure, at least. 我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本
的方法，用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌，的方法，用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌，
而不致生成索然无味、只有求知才去阅读的译文而不致生成索然无味、只有求知才去阅读的译文 andand 这或这或
许不是翻译，而是各种改写形式的相得益彰许不是翻译，而是各种改写形式的相得益彰 areare
translated also irrespective of the original structure, andtranslated also irrespective of the original structure, and
even of the original meaning. Secondly, two notes areeven of the original meaning. Secondly, two notes are
added for readers’ sake.added for readers’ sake.
45. Original 83:Original 83:
• In what follows I shall not discuss the activity ofIn what follows I shall not discuss the activity of
translating, the actual process that leads to thetranslating, the actual process that leads to the
production of translated texts in the field delimited by theproduction of translated texts in the field delimited by the
language pair Chinese and English. Rather, I shalllanguage pair Chinese and English. Rather, I shall
consider what I would like to call ‘translational practice’consider what I would like to call ‘translational practice’
both in the Chinese and Western traditions. Byboth in the Chinese and Western traditions. By
translational practice I mean a practice that integratestranslational practice I mean a practice that integrates
the actual activity of translating into itself. It precedesthe actual activity of translating into itself. It precedes
that activity in that it gives certain guidelines, whetherthat activity in that it gives certain guidelines, whether
these are followed by particular translators or not, thatthese are followed by particular translators or not, that
are themselves the product of thinking about the processare themselves the product of thinking about the process
of translation within a culture. Translational practice alsoof translation within a culture. Translational practice also
follows the process of translating, since it plays a part infollows the process of translating, since it plays a part in
the reception of translated texts in the culture, or culturesthe reception of translated texts in the culture, or cultures
for which they are intended.for which they are intended.
46. Original 83 (continued):Original 83 (continued):
• In short, translational practice is one of the strategies aIn short, translational practice is one of the strategies a
culture devises for dealing with what we have learned toculture devises for dealing with what we have learned to
call ‘the Other’. The development of a translationalcall ‘the Other’. The development of a translational
strategy therefore also provides good indications of thestrategy therefore also provides good indications of the
kind of society one is dealing with. The fact that China,kind of society one is dealing with. The fact that China,
for instance, developed translational strategies only threefor instance, developed translational strategies only three
times in its history, with the translation of the Buddhisttimes in its history, with the translation of the Buddhist
scriptures from roughly the second to the seventhscriptures from roughly the second to the seventh
centuries AD, with the translation of the Christiancenturies AD, with the translation of the Christian
scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD, and withscriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD, and with
the translation of much Western thought and literaturethe translation of much Western thought and literature
starting in the nineteenth century AD, says somethingstarting in the nineteenth century AD, says something
about the image of the Other dominant in Chineseabout the image of the Other dominant in Chinese
civilization, namely that the Other was not consideredcivilization, namely that the Other was not considered
very important.very important.
47. Original 83 (continued):Original 83 (continued):
• Nor is China, as was sometimes erroneouslyNor is China, as was sometimes erroneously
believed, alone in that respect. A much morebelieved, alone in that respect. A much more
extreme example is provided by Classicalextreme example is provided by Classical
Greece, which showed no interest in the Other,Greece, which showed no interest in the Other,
did not develop any thinking about translationdid not develop any thinking about translation
and hardly translated anything at all.and hardly translated anything at all.
• (Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 13)(Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 13)
48. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
50. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ：：
The selection consists of two paragraphs, ofThe selection consists of two paragraphs, of
which the first is composed of five sentences.which the first is composed of five sentences.
The first is a complex sentence, consists of aThe first is a complex sentence, consists of a
prepositional phrase with an object clauseprepositional phrase with an object clause
embedded, a main clause and an appositiveembedded, a main clause and an appositive
nominal phrase with an attributive clausenominal phrase with an attributive clause
embedded; the second is a complex sentence,embedded; the second is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an objectcomposed of a main clause and an object
clause; the third is again a complex sentence,clause; the third is again a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributivecomposed of a main clause and an attributive
clause;clause;
51. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
the fourth is also a complex sentence, composed of athe fourth is also a complex sentence, composed of a
main clause and a prepositional phrase with an objectmain clause and a prepositional phrase with an object
clause embedded, which in turn has an attributive clauseclause embedded, which in turn has an attributive clause
embedded at the end and between the precedent andembedded at the end and between the precedent and
the conjunction of the attributive clause, there is anthe conjunction of the attributive clause, there is an
adverbial clause in the form of a parenthesis and in theadverbial clause in the form of a parenthesis and in the
pattern ofpattern of whether…or notwhether…or not…; and the last is again a…; and the last is again a
complex sentence, composed of a main clause and ancomplex sentence, composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of reason, which in turn has anadverbial clause of reason, which in turn has an
attributive clause embedded beginning with theattributive clause embedded beginning with the
prepositionpreposition forfor..
52. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• The second paragraph also consists of fiveThe second paragraph also consists of five
sentences, of which the first is a complexsentences, of which the first is a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and asentence, composed of a main clause and a
nominal clause serving as the object of thenominal clause serving as the object of the
prepositionpreposition withwith; the second is also a complex; the second is also a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and ansentence, composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause; the third is again a complexattributive clause; the third is again a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and ansentence, composed of a main clause and an
appositive clause that immediately followsappositive clause that immediately follows thethe
factfact at the very beginning of the sentence, and atat the very beginning of the sentence, and at
the end of the sentence, there is anotherthe end of the sentence, there is another
nominal clause appositive to the wordnominal clause appositive to the word imageimage;;
53. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• the fourth is composed of a clause and athe fourth is composed of a clause and a
parenthetic adverbial clause of reason, and inparenthetic adverbial clause of reason, and in
this sense, the sentence can be regarded asthis sense, the sentence can be regarded as
complex in structure; and the last is still acomplex in structure; and the last is still a
complex sentence composed of a main clausecomplex sentence composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause. From the aboveand an attributive clause. From the above
analysis, we can say that all the sentences in theanalysis, we can say that all the sentences in the
selection are complex in structure withoutselection are complex in structure without
exception, although their complexities areexception, although their complexities are
realized in different ways.realized in different ways.
54. (2) Additional complication(2) Additional complication ：：
• In the first paragraph, the first sentence begins with aIn the first paragraph, the first sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase; the second sentence begins withprepositional phrase; the second sentence begins with
an adverb; the third sentence again begins withan adverb; the third sentence again begins with
prepositional phrase; the fourth sentence has aprepositional phrase; the fourth sentence has a
parenthetic clause embedded in the form ofparenthetic clause embedded in the form of whether… orwhether… or
not …not …; and the last sentence does not present any; and the last sentence does not present any
additional complication. In the second paragraph, theadditional complication. In the second paragraph, the
first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; thefirst sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; the
second sentence has an unmarked parenthetic phrasesecond sentence has an unmarked parenthetic phrase
thereforetherefore embedded; in the third sentence, there are twoembedded; in the third sentence, there are two
parenthetic structures, one isparenthetic structures, one is for instancefor instance locatedlocated
betweenbetween ChinaChina andand developeddeveloped, and the other is in the, and the other is in the
form of the three coordinateform of the three coordinate with…with… phrases; the fourthphrases; the fourth
sentence also has a parenthetic structure embeddedsentence also has a parenthetic structure embedded
afterafter ChinaChina and beforeand before alonealone; and the last sentence does; and the last sentence does
not present any additional complication.not present any additional complication.
56. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ：：
• In the first paragraph, the first fourIn the first paragraph, the first four
sentences are periodic in structure eithersentences are periodic in structure either
for the beginning with a prepositional or anfor the beginning with a prepositional or an
adverbial phrase or for the embedding of aadverbial phrase or for the embedding of a
parenthetic structure. In the secondparenthetic structure. In the second
paragraph, the first four sentences areparagraph, the first four sentences are
also periodic in structure for the samealso periodic in structure for the same
reason.reason.
57. (2) Structural complication(2) Structural complication ：：
• The ten sentences in the selection areThe ten sentences in the selection are
all structurally complicated to some extent,all structurally complicated to some extent,
although the last sentence in each of thealthough the last sentence in each of the
two paragraphs does not present anytwo paragraphs does not present any
additional complication.additional complication.
58. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ：：
• In the selection, parallel structures are frequentlyIn the selection, parallel structures are frequently
used, for example,used, for example, ChineseChinese andand EnglishEnglish;; ChineseChinese andand
WesternWestern;; whether these are followed by particularwhether these are followed by particular
translatorstranslators oror notnot;; cultureculture, or, or culturescultures;; with the translationwith the translation
of the Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to theof the Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to the
seventh centuries ADseventh centuries AD,, with the translation of thewith the translation of the
Christian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century ADChristian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD,,
andand with the translation of much Western thought andwith the translation of much Western thought and
literature starting in the nineteenth century ADliterature starting in the nineteenth century AD; and; and
showed no interest in the Othershowed no interest in the Other,, did not develop anydid not develop any
thinking about translationthinking about translation andand hardly translated anythinghardly translated anything
at allat all..
59. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ：：
• In terms of cohesive device, examples couldIn terms of cohesive device, examples could
be found as follows: parallel structures arebe found as follows: parallel structures are
frequently used;frequently used; II,, translatingtranslating,, actualactual,, activityactivity,,
ChineseChinese,, translational practicetranslational practice,, processprocess,,
cultureculture and so on are repeated;and so on are repeated; productproduct isis
used as a partial repetition ofused as a partial repetition of productionproduction;;
receptionreception is used in contrast withis used in contrast with productionproduction;;
translationtranslation,, translatedtranslated,, translatingtranslating,, translationaltranslational
andand translatortranslator are used as cognates; and soare used as cognates; and so
on.on.
60. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ：：
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, discussdiscuss,, activityactivity,, translatingtranslating,, actualactual,,
processprocess,, productionproduction,, translatedtranslated,, delimiteddelimited,,
languagelanguage,, considerconsider,, translationaltranslational,, practicepractice,,
traditiontradition,, integrateintegrate,, precedeprecede,, guidelineguideline,, followfollow,,
particularparticular,, translatortranslator,, productproduct,, translationtranslation,,
cultureculture,, receptionreception, and others., and others.
61. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
64. Comments:Comments:
• The difficulty that lies in the translation of theThe difficulty that lies in the translation of the
present selection is that in English, thepresent selection is that in English, the
difference betweendifference between translationtranslation andand translatingtranslating isis
apparent enough. However, in Chinese, it isapparent enough. However, in Chinese, it is
difficult for us to express such inflectional anddifficult for us to express such inflectional and
derivational differences by using thederivational differences by using the
corresponding terms. Another difficulty lies in thecorresponding terms. Another difficulty lies in the
translation of such terms astranslation of such terms as translationaltranslational
practicepractice,, the Otherthe Other, and so on. In the present, and so on. In the present
translation, we usetranslation, we use 翻译活动翻译活动 forfor activity ofactivity of
translatingtranslating;; 翻译的实践翻译的实践 forfor translational practicetranslational practice;;
andand 异质异质 forfor the Otherthe Other..
67. Comments:Comments:
• In producing the present translation, sentencesIn producing the present translation, sentences in thein the
previous translation are reorganized, for example,previous translation are reorganized, for example, 后面后面
我将不讨论翻译活动，不讨论生成译文文本的实际过程，我将不讨论翻译活动，不讨论生成译文文本的实际过程，
讨论将限于在英汉互译的范围之内讨论将限于在英汉互译的范围之内 ;; 相反，我将考虑中西相反，我将考虑中西
传统中的我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西传统中的我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西 ;; 这种实践先于翻这种实践先于翻
译指导原则译指导原则 ;; 翻译指导原则不管有关译者是否遵从，都是翻译指导原则不管有关译者是否遵从，都是
在一定的文化范围之内对翻译过程进行思考的产物在一定的文化范围之内对翻译过程进行思考的产物 ;; 翻译翻译
的实践也滞后于翻译过程，因为它在译入文化接受译文文的实践也滞后于翻译过程，因为它在译入文化接受译文文
本时发挥作用本时发挥作用 . In addition,. In addition, 他文化他文化 is used to substituteis used to substitute
forfor 异质异质 , taking into consideration that the book from, taking into consideration that the book from
which the selection is chosen is about constructingwhich the selection is chosen is about constructing
cultures.cultures.
70. Comments:Comments:
• In producing the present translation, changes areIn producing the present translation, changes are
constantly made. For example,constantly made. For example, 谋略谋略 is substituted foris substituted for 策策
略略 ;; 简言之简言之 is substituted foris substituted for 总之总之 ;; 一方面一方面 ,, 另一方面另一方面 ,,
漫长的漫长的 andand 只有过三度只有过三度 are inserted for the clarity ofare inserted for the clarity of
ideas. In addition, such sentences as follows are resultsideas. In addition, such sentences as follows are results
of reorganization:of reorganization: 后面我不再讨论翻译行动，不再在英汉后面我不再讨论翻译行动，不再在英汉
互译范围内讨论生成译文文本的实际过程互译范围内讨论生成译文文本的实际过程 ;; 或者说，我将或者说，我将
在中西传统框架内，思考我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西在中西传统框架内，思考我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西 ;;
换言之，中国人认为，异文化并非举足轻重换言之，中国人认为，异文化并非举足轻重 ;; 人们曾错误人们曾错误
地认为，在这个问题上，中国是绝无仅有地认为，在这个问题上，中国是绝无仅有 ;; 其实不然，古其实不然，古
希腊更为典型。古希腊对异文化毫无兴致，没有思考过翻希腊更为典型。古希腊对异文化毫无兴致，没有思考过翻
译问题，也没有翻译过什么作品译问题，也没有翻译过什么作品 ..
71. Original 84:Original 84:
• The object of the majority of translations that areThe object of the majority of translations that are
produced in our day and age is the communication ofproduced in our day and age is the communication of
information, be it about computers, cars, infusion pumps,information, be it about computers, cars, infusion pumps,
and the like. The object of other translations – and theyand the like. The object of other translations – and they
are a minority now, though they may not always haveare a minority now, though they may not always have
been – is the circulation of cultural capital. The differencebeen – is the circulation of cultural capital. The difference
between information and the cultural capital, in the sensebetween information and the cultural capital, in the sense
in which the latter term has been introduced by Pierrein which the latter term has been introduced by Pierre
Bourdieu, could be succinctly formulated as follows:Bourdieu, could be succinctly formulated as follows:
information is what you need to function on theinformation is what you need to function on the
professional level, whereas cultural capital is what youprofessional level, whereas cultural capital is what you
need to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in theneed to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in the
society in which you live.society in which you live.
72. Original 84 (continued):Original 84 (continued):
• The object of a third type of translations could be said toThe object of a third type of translations could be said to
be situated on the level of entertainment: novels arebe situated on the level of entertainment: novels are
translated, movies dubbed or subtitled, whereas thetranslated, movies dubbed or subtitled, whereas the
object of a fourth type of translations could be said to tryobject of a fourth type of translations could be said to try
to persuade the reader to adopt some course of action,to persuade the reader to adopt some course of action,
as opposed to another. This rough distinction betweenas opposed to another. This rough distinction between
four types of translation is predicated on the existencefour types of translation is predicated on the existence
of, roughly, four types of texts. It is much tooof, roughly, four types of texts. It is much too
rudimentary, of course, not least because many textsrudimentary, of course, not least because many texts
that convey information or try to persuade also try to dothat convey information or try to persuade also try to do
so in a somewhat entertaining manner, whereas manyso in a somewhat entertaining manner, whereas many
texts that are primarily produced to providetexts that are primarily produced to provide
entertainment can also be said to provide informationentertainment can also be said to provide information
and, at times, to succeed in persuading.and, at times, to succeed in persuading.
• (Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 41)(Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 41)
73. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
75. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ：：
• The selection consists of two paragraphs,The selection consists of two paragraphs,
each of which is composed of three sentences.each of which is composed of three sentences.
In the first paragraph, the first is a complexIn the first paragraph, the first is a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and ansentence, composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of concession, and the subjectadverbial clause of concession, and the subject
of the main clause has an attributive clauseof the main clause has an attributive clause
embedded; the second sentence is composed ofembedded; the second sentence is composed of
a clause, in the subject of which there is aa clause, in the subject of which there is a
parenthetic complex clause embedded,parenthetic complex clause embedded,
composed of a main clause and an adverbialcomposed of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of concession, and so the sentence canclause of concession, and so the sentence can
be regarded as a complex sentence;be regarded as a complex sentence;
76. Sentence structureSentence structure
(continued)(continued) ：：
• and the third is a compound complex sentence,and the third is a compound complex sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses connected by thecomposed of two coordinate clauses connected by the
colon; the first coordinate clause is complex in structure,colon; the first coordinate clause is complex in structure,
consisting of a main clause and an attributive clauseconsisting of a main clause and an attributive clause
immediately with a prepositional phrase located inimmediately with a prepositional phrase located in
between, which has an attributive clause embeddedbetween, which has an attributive clause embedded
beginning with the prepositionbeginning with the preposition inin; and the second; and the second
coordinate clause is compound in structure, composedcoordinate clause is compound in structure, composed
of two coordinate clauses connected byof two coordinate clauses connected by whereaswhereas; and in; and in
each of the two, the predicative is itself a nominal clauseeach of the two, the predicative is itself a nominal clause
although the second predicative clause has an attributivealthough the second predicative clause has an attributive
clause embedded beginning with the prepositionclause embedded beginning with the preposition inin..
77. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• In the second paragraph, the first is a compoundIn the second paragraph, the first is a compound
sentence, composed of two coordinate clauses, the firstsentence, composed of two coordinate clauses, the first
of which is a compound clause, composed of fourof which is a compound clause, composed of four
clauses with the last three in coordination with the firstclauses with the last three in coordination with the first
on the one hand and with each other on the other; andon the one hand and with each other on the other; and
the second coordinate clause of the sentence has anthe second coordinate clause of the sentence has an
elliptic attributive clause embedded at the very end. Theelliptic attributive clause embedded at the very end. The
second is actually a simple sentence while the third is asecond is actually a simple sentence while the third is a
complex sentence, composed of a main clause and ancomplex sentence, composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of reason, which is composed of twoadverbial clause of reason, which is composed of two
coordinate clauses connected bycoordinate clauses connected by whereaswhereas, and in either, and in either
subject of the two clauses, there is an attributive clausesubject of the two clauses, there is an attributive clause
embedded.embedded.
78. (2) Additional complication:(2) Additional complication:
• In the first paragraph, the adverbial clause ofIn the first paragraph, the adverbial clause of
concession in the first sentence is in an inverted orderconcession in the first sentence is in an inverted order
and the predicate verb is in the form of an infinitive, andand the predicate verb is in the form of an infinitive, and
the inversion and the use of infinitive are both motivatedthe inversion and the use of infinitive are both motivated
by the omission of the conjunctionby the omission of the conjunction whetherwhether. The second. The second
sentence, as mentioned before, contains a parentheticsentence, as mentioned before, contains a parenthetic
complex clause between the two dashes; and thecomplex clause between the two dashes; and the
prepositional phrase together with the object clause is inprepositional phrase together with the object clause is in
the structure of a parenthesis. In the second sentence ofthe structure of a parenthesis. In the second sentence of
the second paragraph, there is a short parentheticthe second paragraph, there is a short parenthetic
structure; and in the third sentence, there are two shortstructure; and in the third sentence, there are two short
parenthetic structures.parenthetic structures.
80. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ：：
• In the first paragraph, the first is a looseIn the first paragraph, the first is a loose
sentence; the second is a periodic sentence forsentence; the second is a periodic sentence for
the embedding of the parenthetic complexthe embedding of the parenthetic complex
clause; the third is also a periodic sentence forclause; the third is also a periodic sentence for
the embedding the parenthetic prepositionalthe embedding the parenthetic prepositional
phrase together with the embedded clause. Inphrase together with the embedded clause. In
the second paragraph, the first is a loosethe second paragraph, the first is a loose
sentence and the other two are periodicsentence and the other two are periodic
sentences for the embedding of parentheticsentences for the embedding of parenthetic
structures, short as they are.structures, short as they are.
81. (2) Structural complication(2) Structural complication ：：
• The selection is complicated inThe selection is complicated in
sentence structure because of the sixsentence structure because of the six
sentences, only one of them is simple insentences, only one of them is simple in
structure and all the others are eitherstructure and all the others are either
complex or compound or complexcomplex or compound or complex
compound or compound complexcompound or compound complex
sentences. However, even that simplesentences. However, even that simple
sentence has a short parenthetic structuresentence has a short parenthetic structure
embedded.embedded.
82. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ：：
• In the selection, parallel structures are frequentlyIn the selection, parallel structures are frequently
used, for example,used, for example, dayday andand ageage;; computerscomputers,, carscars,,
infusion pumpsinfusion pumps, and, and the likethe like;; informationinformation andand the culturalthe cultural
capitalcapital;; information is what you need to function on theinformation is what you need to function on the
professional levelprofessional level,, whereas cultural capital is what youwhereas cultural capital is what you
need to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in theneed to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in the
society in which you livesociety in which you live;; novels arenovels are translatedtranslated,, moviesmovies
dubbeddubbed oror subtitledsubtitled;; the object of a third type ofthe object of a third type of
translations…translations…,, whereas the object of a fourth type ofwhereas the object of a fourth type of
translationstranslations…; and…; and many texts that convey information ormany texts that convey information or
try to persuade…try to persuade…,, whereas many texts that are primarilywhereas many texts that are primarily
produced to provide entertainmentproduced to provide entertainment……
83. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ：：
• In terms of cohesive device, examples couldIn terms of cohesive device, examples could
be found as follows: parallel structures arebe found as follows: parallel structures are
frequently used; the object of the majority offrequently used; the object of the majority of
translations, the object of other translations, thetranslations, the object of other translations, the
object of a third type of translations and theobject of a third type of translations and the
object of a fourth type of translations are used inobject of a fourth type of translations are used in
series; the classification of translations into fourseries; the classification of translations into four
categories is based on the existence of fourcategories is based on the existence of four
types of texts;types of texts; computerscomputers,, carscars,, infusion pumpsinfusion pumps,,
andand the likethe like are concerned with translation forare concerned with translation for
communication of information;communication of information;
84. Cohesive device (continued)Cohesive device (continued) ：：
• such key terms assuch key terms as objectobject,, translationtranslation,, typetype,,
informationinformation andand cultural capitalcultural capital are repeatedlyare repeatedly
used;used; the ‘right circles’the ‘right circles’ in societyin society is used inis used in
contrast withcontrast with the professional levelthe professional level; in the clause; in the clause
novels are translated, movies dubbed ornovels are translated, movies dubbed or
subtitledsubtitled, it is implied that, it is implied that dubbingdubbing andand subtitlingsubtitling
are two categories ofare two categories of translationtranslation;; persuadingpersuading isis
used in contrast withused in contrast with entertainingentertaining, and in, and in
contrast withcontrast with communication of informationcommunication of information andand
circulation of cultural capitalcirculation of cultural capital, and so on., and so on.
85. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ：：
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, objectobject,, majoritymajority,, translationtranslation,, produceproduce,,
communicationcommunication,, informationinformation,, computercomputer,, infusioninfusion,,
minorityminority,, circulationcirculation,, culturalcultural,, capitalcapital,, differencedifference,,
introduceintroduce,, succinctlysuccinctly,, formulateformulate,, followfollow,, functionfunction,,
professionalprofessional,, circlecircle,, societysociety, and many others., and many others.
86. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
89. Comments:Comments:
• By following the original strictly, we have produced aBy following the original strictly, we have produced a
translation somewhat readable, coherent and authentic.translation somewhat readable, coherent and authentic.
One of the special techniques used is that theOne of the special techniques used is that the
parenthetic structure concerned with the introduction ofparenthetic structure concerned with the introduction of
cultural capital is not placed in brackets, but it is stillcultural capital is not placed in brackets, but it is still
parenthetic in nature. However, some sentences in theparenthetic in nature. However, some sentences in the
translation are too long, for example,translation are too long, for example, 而文化资本是你所而文化资本是你所
需要的、可以看成是属于你所生活的社会中的特定界别的需要的、可以看成是属于你所生活的社会中的特定界别的
东西东西 andand 因为至少许多传递信息或旨在劝说的译作也以因为至少许多传递信息或旨在劝说的译作也以
某种方式寓信息或劝说与娱乐于其中而进行的某种方式寓信息或劝说与娱乐于其中而进行的 ..
92. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, the first sentence inIn the present translation, the first sentence in
the previous translation is reorganized;the previous translation is reorganized; 传输传输 isis
now used in collocation withnow used in collocation with 文化资本文化资本 ;; 信息是信息是
职业层面所需要的，而通过文化资本可以判别你职业层面所需要的，而通过文化资本可以判别你
属于你所生活的社会的哪个“适当的团体”属于你所生活的社会的哪个“适当的团体” andand 不不
仅因为许多旨在传输信息或劝说他人的文本也以仅因为许多旨在传输信息或劝说他人的文本也以
某种娱乐的方式交流信息或进行劝说某种娱乐的方式交流信息或进行劝说 areare
retranslations; the parenthetic structure in theretranslations; the parenthetic structure in the
original has now become part of the text, and sooriginal has now become part of the text, and so
on.on.
95. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, authentic ChineseIn the present translation, authentic Chinese
terms are frequently used, for example,terms are frequently used, for example, 现在现在 ;;
压倒多数压倒多数 ;; 数量上已不占优势数量上已不占优势 ;; 也曾有过辉煌也曾有过辉煌 ;;
人际层面人际层面 ;; 用以判别用以判别 ;; 寓娱乐于其中寓娱乐于其中 , and so on., and so on.
In addition,In addition, 都属于此类都属于此类 is an addition foris an addition for
authenticity and coherence. Consequently, theauthenticity and coherence. Consequently, the
translation, with improved readability, coherencetranslation, with improved readability, coherence
and authenticity, sounds more like Chineseand authenticity, sounds more like Chinese
writing.writing.
96. Original 85:Original 85:
• For two thousand years translation theoryFor two thousand years translation theory
(some call it “traditional,” others now dismiss it(some call it “traditional,” others now dismiss it
as “prescientific”) was concerned only withas “prescientific”) was concerned only with
outstanding works of art. For the last forty yearsoutstanding works of art. For the last forty years
“translation science,” or translatology, has been“translation science,” or translatology, has been
trying to establish itself as a new disciplinetrying to establish itself as a new discipline
focusing on an undefined and idealizedfocusing on an undefined and idealized
“common core” of general language, but with“common core” of general language, but with
concepts that in effect apply only to technicalconcepts that in effect apply only to technical
terminology. Literary language was excluded asterminology. Literary language was excluded as
being “deviant,” inaccessible to scientificbeing “deviant,” inaccessible to scientific
analysis.analysis.
