The document examines the performance of a diesel engine running on biodiesel fuels blended with waste cooking oil at ratios from B10 to B40, with some blends also containing 5% or 10% isobutanol or ethanol additives. Engine tests measured braking power, fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency across a range of engine speeds. The B40 blend showed the highest density and viscosity but lowest engine performance. Blends with 10% ethanol additive (B40E10) enhanced engine performance while maintaining good thermal efficiency. Overall, the results indicate that biodiesel blends can improve engine efficiency compared to conventional diesel.

1. by
Yasir Khamis
Supervised by:
Dr. Ahmed Abed Ali

2. INTRODUCTION
• With the globe beginning to face fast-expanding global warming concerns that require immediate
treatment, biodiesel can be considered the most widely used and versatile sustainable fuel for a
variety of uses.
• Combining used cooking oil and diesel is a viable option for diesel engines because it has been
certified for use at blending ratios as low as 20% as a commercial fuel.
• The goal of this research is to examine the various performance parameters of a diesel engine and
the characteristics of biodiesel blended fuels by measuring the specific fuel consumption of the
brakes and the thermal efficiency of the brakes and to investigate the impact of isobutane and
ethanol additions at rates of 5% and 10% on the properties of the fuel and engine efficiency to
enhance the specifications of the blended fuel in high proportions B40.
• Mixed fuel B40 with 10% ethanol (B40E10) can be used as a highly mixed fuel to enhance diesel
engine performance. The density, kinematic viscosity, and flash point of diesel fuel were the lowest
and rise with the amount of WCOB in the mixture, while the blended fuel B40 had the greatest
value and improved with the percentage of additives.

3. INTRODUCTION
• Biodiesel is a biodegradable and non toxic fuel produced from vegetable oil and animal fats which
are renewable.
• The emissions of unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, particulate matter of biodiesel
combustion are much lesser than conventional diesel fuel.
• Generally the blend of biodiesel diesel mix is denoted by alphabet “B” followed by percentage of
biodiesel in a mixture ; so if 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel is in a mixture on a volume basis then
it is denoted as
• In order to criticize biodiesel as an alternative fuel, people used this point. But there are many
techniques by which one can use biodiesel even in cold weather conditions [1].
• Biodiesel is safer in handling and in storing as a fuel, because its flash point is more than
petroleum based fuel.
• The cost of various feedstock of biodiesel is different as per availability and as per production
technology.

4. PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL
• The properties of biodiesel are very close and similar to the conventional fuels; therefore biodiesel
becomes a very good and low cost alternative to the diesel fuel.
• Transesterification process converts the triglycerides in to methyl and ethyl esters, which reduces
the molecular weight to one third of the triglycerides, viscosity by factor about eight and slightly
increases the volatility.
• Biodiesel contains 10-12% more oxygen by weight, which accelerate the rate of combustion in an
engine. Approximately the cetane number of biodiesel is around 50.
• Biodiesel also has a high flash point but lower heating value than the conventional diesel.

5. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
• The purpose of project is compared to the properties of dynamic fuel blended with a different
blended rate of up to 40% and study their effect on diesel engine.
• The project will also be expanded to see how added substances such as isobutane and ethanol, 5%
and 10%, effective and effective on density and heating value.
• A set of fuel tests and engine performance assessments, such as specific brake fuel consumption
and thermal efficiency will be made. The same engine settings are used to test the proposed forms
to determine the appropriate mix of the engine.

6. METHODOLOGY
• Fossil fuels are one of the world's oldest sources of energy, and despite their long-term reliance,
fossil fuels continue to be a significant and necessary source of energy generation in large
industrialized countries [6].
• Scientists in the fields of environment and climate have begun to realize that the continuing use of
traditional energy sources creates environmental concerns such as global warming.
• As a result, oil corporations and oil-producing countries have made significant scientific efforts to
reduce their environmental impact through smart technology and the use of highly effective
materials such as composite materials and porous media to rationalize usage.
• Even in non-environmental areas, shifting from reliance on traditional energy sources to renewable
energy sources wherever possible is critical.
• Using limitless renewable energy saves enormous amounts of fossil fuels and preserves their
strategic store for use in other industrial projects; the world is no longer able to dispense with its
products

7. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
• Biodiesel was produced in a specialist chemical facility using waste cooking oil (WCO) gathered
from local eateries, while diesel was supplied from a gas station.
• To obtain a homogenous fuel blend, the liquid was spun for 30 minutes at a constant temperature
of 50-55 °C. WCOB was added in volume percentages of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 % to samples
of mixed diesel biodiesel fuel formulated as B10, B20, B30, and B40, respectively. (Where 10%
WCOB and 90% diesel are used for B10).
• The completed fuel mixture was stored in the lab for roughly 24 hours before any experiments
were performed. The nine fuel mixes that were being produced are shown in Table.
• Table 3.1 summarizes the ASTM-measured properties of these nine types of fuel.
• The density of the fuel was determined using a density meter under the ASTM D1298 standard
procedure, while the viscosity of the fluid was tested using the ASTM D445 standard procedure,
the calorific value was measured using ASTM D 5865, and the flashpoint and the fire point were
measured using ASTM D 93.

8. Diesel ( 0/0
vol.).
100
Biodiesel ( % vol.) Iso-butanol ( %
vol.)
Ethanol ( 0/0
vol.)
Abbreviation
0 0 0
90 10 0 0 B10
80 20 0 0 B20
70 30 0 0 B30
60 40 0 0 B40
55 40 5 0 B40IB5
50 40 10 0 B40IB10
55 40 0 5 B40E5
50 40 0 10 B40E10
Table 3.l . Fuel blending composition

9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• The amount of waste cooking oil in the mixed diesel and biodiesel fuel formulations was raised
from 10% to 40% with diesel fuel, and characteristics like density, kinematic viscosity, heating
value, and flashpoint of the blends were investigated.
• Table 3.2 shows the physical characteristics of mixed biodiesel fuels. It can be observed that the
concentration of biodiesel and additives in the blended fuels has a significant impact on the
characteristics of the fuels.
• The density of the fuel influences its spray characteristics as well as the power of diesel engines
during combustion and fuel injection.

10. Properties B0 BI0 B20 B30 B40 B40IB5 B40IB10 B40E5 B40E10
Flash point 62 67 72 77 81 79 78 77 75
Fire point oc 85 89 94 97 102 100 99 99 97
Kinematic
Viscosity
(mm 2 /s) 40
•c
2.44 2.63 2.72 3.36 3.74 3.45 3.22 3.32 3.07
Density
(kg/m3) 15
•c
836 840.7 846.1 851.2 847.7 843.3 844.2 841.3
Heating Value
(MJ/kg)
43.65 43.1 42.6
1
41.96 41.4 40.79 40.18 40.82 40.23
Table 3.2 Specifications of different fuels

11. Rotational
Speed
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
Brake
Power
RPM kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW kW
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B40IB5 B40IB10 B40E5 B40E10
1200 27.05521 26.31902 25.58282 22.63804 22.63804 20.95951 21.35951 23.72025 26.63804
1600 44.53988 41.59509 40.8589 38.46626 38.46626 39.18037 39.58037 42.12515 42.46626
2000 56.68712 53.92638 51.71779 50.6135 50.6135 50.59141 50.99141 52.61595 54.6135
2400 65.70552 61.47239 59.81595 56.50307 56.50307 59.42577 59.82577 60.34601 60.50307
2800 44.17178 42.33129 41.77914 38.28221 38.28221 37.33988 37.73988 40.28466 42.28221
Braking Power (BP) for a range of mixed fuels with iso-
butanol and ethanol additives with

12. Braking-specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for a variety of
mixed fuels at various engine speeds
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumptio
n
g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr g/kW.hr
B0 B10 B20 B30 B40 B40IB5 B40IB10 B40E5 B40E10
257.4899 267.2065 273.6842 280.1619 251.1438 288.8705 291.8705 290.6316 294.6619
234.8178 244.5344 252.6316 260.7287 248.5404 266.1984 269.1984 267.9595 275.2287
199.1903 210.5263 212.1458 217.0041 215.3552 227.332 230.332 230.7126 231.5041
223.4818 244.5344 244.5344 252.6316 253.2962 251.6235 254.6235 253.3846 267.1316
293.1174
306.072
9
309.3117 315.7895 309.8567 321.2591 324.2591 323.0202 330.2895

13. 20
30
40
50
60
70
1100 1600 2100 2600
Brake
Power
Rotational Speed
Chart Title
Brake Power B0 Brake Power B10 Brake Power B20
Brake Power B30 Brake Power B40 Brake Power B40IB5
Brake Power B40IB10 Brake Power B40E5 Brake Power B40E10
Braking Power (BP) for a range of mixed fuels with iso-
butanol and ethanol additives

14. 190
240
290
340
1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900
Brake
Specific
Fuel
Consumption
Rotational Speed
Chart Title
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B0 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B10
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B20 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B30
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B40 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B40IB5
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B40IB10 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B40E5
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption B40E10
Figure 3.3. Braking-specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for a
variety of mixed fuels at various engine speeds.

15. 25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900
Brake
Thermal
Efficiency
Rotational Speed
Chart Title
Brake Thermal Efficiency B0 Brake Thermal Efficiency B10
Brake Thermal Efficiency B20 Brake Thermal Efficiency B30
Brake Thermal Efficiency B40 Brake Thermal Efficiency B40IB5
Figure 3.4. Variations in brake thermal efficiency versus
engine speed for various mixed fuels.

16. CONCLUSION
 Biodiesel was prepared from waste cooking oil and then blended in various quantities up to 40% with mineral
diesel, which was used as a comparison point with other kinds. A series of experiments were carried out to
assess the characteristics of blended fuels with and without isobutane and ethanol additions at 5% and 10%
addition rates.
 The engine performance tests were conducted at varying engine revs, from 1200 to 2800 rpm in increments
of 400 rpm. The density, kinematic viscosity, and flashpoint of the mixed fuels were observed to be rather
excellent. According to the findings, the B40 blended fuel has the highest viscosity, density, and flashpoint of
the fuels mixed with lower mixing ratios, and these properties improve significantly as the amount of
additives increases.
 The results of the engine tests at all speeds demonstrate that the use of fuel with high mixing ratios B40
produces the least braking power, and it reduces as these ratios drop. Furthermore, as the proportion of
additions grows, so does the braking performance at all rotational speeds.
 However, it is recommended that 10% ethanol be used with blended fuel (B40E10) to increase engine
performance while maintaining excellent thermal efficiency.