2. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS RESULTING
FROM MISMATCHED BLOOD TYPES
donor blood RBCs are
agglutinated.
Why not Recipient’s?
Because plasma portion of the
donor blood immediately becomes
diluted by all the plasma of the
recipient,
Decreasing titer of the infused
3. TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
Antigen- Antibodies Reaction occurs
HEMOLYSIS
Hb is released and converted by
the phagocytes into bilirubin
Then excreted in the bile by the
liver,
Jaundice ( Hyperbilirubinemia )
if liver function is normal, Jaundice
doesn’t appear until more than 400
milliliters of blood is hemolyzed in
4. ACUTE KIDNEY SHUTDOWN AFTER
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS.
Three causes:
1. Renal vasoconstriction due to Toxic
substances
2. Circulatory shock due to loss of
circulating RBCs
3. Renal tubular blockage due to tubular
hemoglobin precipitates
Management : Artificial kidney
transplant
Fate : Death within a week to 12 days,
5. TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS
Additional complement of antigens on tissue cells
So foreign cells transplanted anywhere into the
body of a recipient can produce immune reactions.
GRAFTING TYPES:
A. Autografts, from one part of the same animal to
another part
B. Isograft, from one identical twin to another,
C. Allograft, from one human being to another or from
any animal to another animal of the same species, e.g
D. Xenograft. from a lower animal to a human being or
from an animal of one species to one of another
species,
6. ATTEMPTS TO OVERCOME IMMUNE
REACTIONS IN TRANSPLANTED TISSUE
Tissue Typing—The HLA Complex of
Antigens
HLA antigens. Six are present on cell
membranes as well as lymphocyte
membranes of every person.
Antigens’ matching Best possible matching
Best results in siblings and between parents
and children .
transplants between identical twins are
almost never rejected because match in
identical twins is exactly same.
8. PREVENTION OF GRAFT REJECTION BY SUPPRESSING
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
In the normal person, even with the
best possible tissue typing, allografts
seldom resist rejection for more than a
few days or weeks.
T cells Suppression is required
Glucocorticoid hormones
Various drugs (azathioprine) that
have a toxic effect on the lymphoid
system.
Cyclosporine
