The document discusses the development of formal transportation planning processes in the United States from the 1960s onward. It outlines several key acts and developments that expanded the federal government's role in urban transportation and established requirements for comprehensive planning. These included the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1961, and the establishment of metropolitan planning organizations in 1975 to coordinate regional transportation planning.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF
FORMAL
PLANNING
PROCESS

2. DEVELOPMENTOFA FORMALPLANNINGPROCESS
Social Concerns
- The 1960s were a decade marked by social
concern.
The Housing and Home Finance Agency
was given responsibility for managing the
capital aid for urban public transportation
under the Urban Mass Transportation Act of
1964.

3. Before 1968, the federal government's responsibility for
urban transportation remained with Housing and Urban
Development (HUD).
The standards of prior highway acts regarding the
economic impacts of highway siting were modified by the
Federal-aid highway act of 1968 to:
• economic and social effect for such a location, its impact on
the environment, and its consistency with the goal and
objectives of…urban planning as has been promulgated by
the community.

4. The urban mass transportation support act of 1970
having recognized that:
• elder and handicapped persons have the same right as
other persons to utilize mass transportation facilities and
services.
• Two decades later the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) found that more than 46 million Americans had one or
more physical or mental disabilities and declared:
• …to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for
the elimination of discrimination against individuals with
disabilities.

5. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION
• The passage of the landmark National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1961
consolidated several trends relating to social,
economic, environmental impact, and citizen
participation in public decisions that were
developing in various areas of federal concern
including transportation. The act required that
proposals for “federal actions significantly
affecting the quality of the human
environment” be accompanied by:

6. • A detailed statement by the responsible official on:
a. The environmental impact of the proposed action.
b. Any adverse environmental effect which cannot be
avoided should the proposal be implemented.
c. Alternatives to the proposed action.
d. The relationship between local short-term uses of man’s
environment and the maintenance of long-term
productivity, and
e. Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of
resources which would be involved in the proposed
action should it be implemented.
• Major transportation proposals required the
preparation of such an environmental impact statement
(EIS), the expressed purpose of which was a full and
objective disclosure

7. Toward Planning Coordination
• Intergovernmental Cooperation Act of 1968 -
recognized the need for a system that would
allow the many interested and concerned
agencies to examine projects that were applying
for federal funding.
• A year later, the Bureau of Budget issued
Circular A-95, which they declare to designate
particular state and local organizations as
clearinghouses in order to facilitate the project-
review procedure.

8. • Extend federal support to mass transit in
urban and rural areas
• Increasingly placed federal aid for both
highway and transit projects on
essentially identical planning
requirement.

9. 3C PROCESS
• Address the same social, economic, and
environmental impacts.
• Ensure community participation
• Undergo similar agency and public
reviews.

10. • FHWA and UMTA – two agencies that issued
joint regulations which required each urban area
to designate a single metropolitan planning
organization (MPO) with a widely based
membership to coordinate the planning activities
of the local communities and modal planning
agencies with their respective region, in year
1975.

11. OneofthedutiesoftheMPOswasthepreparationof
annuallyupdatedmultimodaltransportationplanforthe
entiremetropolitanareaconsistingof:
• A long-range element addressing a time horizon
of the order of 20 years.
• A transportation systems management element
(TSME) containing the region’s plan for low-cost
operational improvements
• A transportation improvement plan (TIP)
specifying the region’s 5-year priorities drawn
from the other two elements and including an
annual element (AE), which listed the programs
and projects scheduled for the following year.

12. Transportation-Demand Management (TDM) – often used to
describe options such as carpooling, the use of taxis and other
demand-responsive services, automobile restraints, changes in
work schedules and the like.
Transportation System Management (TSM) – addressed the
need for short-term, low-cost operational improvements aiming
for a better use of existing facilities.
Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 - This law
enabled more funds for transit development and moved the
focus of the highway program from building new facilities to
renovating existing ones.

13. Following a 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of
Petroleum Producing Countries (OPEC), the Highway Trust
fund also experienced difficulties because of decreasing
revenues from gasoline taxes and because of price
inflation.
National Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 have been
enacted by the U.S congress to have an additional federal
tax of 5 cents on each gallon of fuel. 4 cents was
earmarked for highway purposes and 1 cent for transit
assistance.

14. Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991
• Signed into law in December 1991
• Consist of 8 titles
I. Surface Transportation
II. Highway Safety
III. Federal Transit Act Amendments of 1991
IV. Motor Carrier Act of 1991
V. Intermodal Transportation
VI. Research
VII. Air Transportation
VIII. Extension of Highway-Related Taxes and Highway
Trust Fund

15. The major provisions of the act
included the following:
• It mandated the designation, by 1995, of a national highway
system (NHS) consisting of approximately 155000 mi of
roadways. The NHS would include the entire interstate
highway system, a large portion of urban and rural principal
arterials, and other major roads that, collectively, are
considered to be critical to interstate and international travel,
national defense, and intermodal connectivity.
• It provided increased funding for research and development in
the areas of new technology including intelligent vehicle-
highway systems (IVHS), high-speed ground transportation
systems, magnetic levitation technologies, and electric
vehicles. The IVHS was subsequently renamed intelligent
transportation system (ITS) to more accurately reflect its
intermodal nature.

16. • It stipulated that each state must establish a statewide
planning process and six management systems in the areas of
highway pavement maintenance, bridge management,
highway safety, traffic congestion, public transportation, and
intermodal transportation facilities.
• It required metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to
incorporate in their transportation improvement programs
(TIPs) and their long-range plans considerations of land-use
policies, intermodal connectivity, enhanced transit service,
and management systems.
• It permitted the use of federal transportation funds for
projects aimed toward enhancing the environment such as
wetland and wildlife habitat protection, air quality
improvement measures, and highway beautification.

17. • It strengthened the level of federal support for toll roads and
allowed for private entities to own such facilities.
• It renamed the Urban Mass Transportation Administration
(UMTA) to the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) 10 reflect
more accurately the broadened transit initiatives of the act,
including an added emphasis on rural and intercity transit
services.