good work

1. LOW COST HYBRID BICYCLE
Institute of Engineering & Management Management House, D-1,
Sector-V, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Kolkata-700091
BY
PRADIP MONDAL
(ENROLLMENT NO:-22020002007005; ROLL NO:-56)
ARGHYA SUBHRA DAS
(ENROLLMENT NO:-22020002007006; ROLL NO:-57)
RITABRATA AICH
(ENROLLMENT NO:-22020002007009; ROLL NO:-60)
SOUVIK GHOSH
(ENROLLMENT NO:-22020002007013; ROLL NO:-64)
Under the Guidance of:
Prof. ASIM KUMAR DHAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

2. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid is exactly what it sounds like – a mix of a road bike and a mountain bike.
The result is a bicycle that's suitable for general-purpose riding over various
types of terrain, which is why most hybrids tend to be used for commuting. Hybrid
cycles have flat and straight handlebars and an upright seat to help the rider sit
comfortably with a good posture. Boasting lightweight alloy frames with thinner
wheels and smooth tyres, hybrid bikes allow you to ride at fast speeds without
causing much strain to the body. Hybrid bicycles blend characteristics from more
specialized road bikes, touring bikes and mountain bikes .The resulting "hybrid"
is a general-purpose bike that can tolerate a wide range of riding conditions and
applications. Their stability, comfort and ease of use make them popular with
novice cyclists, casual riders, commuters, and children. The main aim of the
project was to ensure efficient operation of the Hybrid Bicycle by meeting the
drive requirements. Considering legal limits on the speed of electric bicycles, the
maximum speed of the Hybrid Bicycle was considered to be 28kmph. Since
regeneration is involved, determining the type of components to be used, given
the constraints of weight and size became more crucial. The main components
required for this project are- DC MOTOR , PADEL ASSIST, LITHIUM ION BATEERY
,FRAME, AlTERNATORS, LED PLUS LIGHT ,THROTTLE.ETC. The battery and
motor required for Hybrid Bicycle has been chosen assuming that the external
forces such as wind drag, rolling resistance of tyres, etc. has been neglected.
The focus is more on energy conversion between kinetic/potential and electrical
energy. To accelerate the Hybrid Bicycle from cold start, sufficient torque needs
to be provided and hence a sufficient amount of current needs to be drawn by the
motor. If the terrain is flat, there is no potential energy which would have caused
the motor to deliver a counter torque to oppose the force of gravity. We therefore
look at only the kinetic energy required for acceleration.
This project on Hybrid Bicycle is an alternative to automobiles for medium
distance travel and focuses on energy conservation. When the Hybrid electric
bicycle is kept under sunlight the battery gets charged which powers an electric
motor in the front wheel. The use of motor aids the resistance in pedaling while
going up hills. When there is no sunlight, the bicycle can be charged by ac mains.
The project focuses on constructing a hybrid bicycle with a minimal additional
weight that is capable of greater efficiency through its use of regenerative motor
and various other mechanisms. The implementation of the proposed system is on
its way and is yet to be completed. In future we also need to look more into the
different mechanisms for decision

3. Hybrid bicycles blend characteristics from more specialized road bikes, touring
bikes and mountain bikes .The resulting "hybrid" is a general-purpose bike that
can tolerate a
wide range of riding conditions and applications. Their stability, comfort and ease
of use make
them popular with novice cyclists, casual riders, commuters, and children.
PARTS TO BE ATTACHED

6. LITERATURE SURVEY
D. Arola[1]:-Inspected that the bicycles have provided society with a source of transportation,
exercise, recreation and sport. But with the advent of motorized vehicles and various alternative
forms of entertainment, the bicycle suffered a temporary decline in appeal.Within recent years a
revival in the interest of bicycles has occurred, fueled by technological developments in
advanced materials and innovative frame design. New bicycle frame designs are generally
motivated by weight and/or stiffness considerations and often incorporate the use of high
performance engineering materials. Strain gage locations were chosen to provide the strain
tensor for each structural member and specific details of the strain distribution system. The
riding conditions for dynamic testing included modest jumps with primarily rear tire landing,
large vertical height jumps, and front tire wall impact. Although the impact with a wall is not a
typical riding condition, it is exemplary of loading that results from stunt riding and/or
uncontrolled landing during competitive riding (typical when losing control of the center of
gravity). analysis of the frame design for a hybrid bicycle load distribution presented.
Matteo Corno[2]:-Evident that cars are not a sustainable solution for urban mobility in European
cities, which were never designed for today’s level of congestion. Some municipalities have
recogonize this fact and are disincentivizing the use of cars (with congestion charges, or car-
free downtown areas) while making public means of transportation more effective. Bicycles are
extremely cost effective, ecofriendly, healthy, and, in congested cities, are often the fastest way
to reach one’s destination. Already many European cities are promoting the use of bicycles
through bike sharing systems. The cyclist is modeled as a high-bandwidth closed-loop velocity
controller. It acts on cyclist and brake with the objective of tracking a desired velocity. This
allows efficient simulation of different cycling profiles described by speed and slope profiles.
The bicycle is designed to be self-sustaining; this calls for an advanced energy and assist
management system.
GuozhuMao[3]:-Production causes the biggest negative impacts due to short life and insufficient
recycling. Excessive bicycle parts are expected to have further negative impacts. Forming an
industry chain is crucial for sustainable bicycle-sharing development. The current research on
the environmental impacts of shared bicycles mostly focused on evaluating the environmental
benefits associated with the usage of shared bicycles. There are two main components of a
shared bicycle: the bicycle system and the technical product system. The bicycle system is an
ordinary bicycle that most people are familiar with. The technical product system is a system
that has the mobile positioning technology, the intelligent electronic lock technology, and the
self-charging technology. The recycling process includes bicycle dismantling and waste
material recycling. For shared bicycles, the most valuable part for recycling is steel, aluminum
alloy, rubber and electronic products. Due to the lack of an effective bicycle-sharing recycling
system, at present only the steel component of the bicycle is recycled by companies that recycle
iron scrap. So, in this study we mainly consider about the recycling of steel materials.

7. Carlo Mari[4]:-What is a bicycle? A bicycle is a multidimensional object that has social lives. It
means that its forms, uses and trajectories are intertwined in complex ways with people’s lives.
Its heterogeneous nature encompasses five dimensions interconnected with each other. . First,
a physical dimension: a bicycle is a material object, a physical thing, an artefact, a tangible
product of technology. Its physical properties interact with both the rider and the environment
where the bicycle is used. The relationship between a rider’s physical characteristics and a
bicycle’s physical properties is particularly relevant as it influences the performance of the
cyclist in pedalling. Second, a functional dimension: a bicycle is an object performing some
specific functions, a useful thing that can be used for transportation, leisure and racing
purposes. It helps people to move around in urban areas, it contributes to leisure activities such
as cycle tourism, it is an essential tool for practicing cycle racing in various disciplines such as
road, dirt, and track. Third, an economic dimension: a bicycle is a manufactured object that
circulates through complex relationships between producers, labourers, and consumers. The
fabrication of the bicycle frame is the most important activity in the production process and it is
also a very distinguishing feature among the bicycle makers, which has significant implications
for understanding the historical evolution of the bicycle industry The organization and the
evolution of the bicycle industry over time are intertwined with both the product architecture
and the manufacturing of a bicycle.
Dr. Rajendra Sutar[5]:-presented in a fundamental alternator, the mechanical energy is
converted to electrical energy while this is likewise true for a rim alternator, besides it
additionally converts gravitational potential energy to electrical energy and consequently
expands the effectiveness of the device. To be explicit, rim alternator is an external modular
device, to be fit into the metal edge of a vehicle. By the method for rim alternator, following
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, an initiated electromotive force, will create a flow
in the loop, which will be utilized to revive the engine of the electric vehicle and support its drive.
Subsequently, this thus lessens the recurrence of charging required by vehicles and diminishes
the load on the lithium ion cells, consequently requiring a couple of cells in particular
conquering both the issues. Hybrid Vehicles (HV), which are a luxury at the moment will soon be
a fundamental necessity due to the scarce renewable resources and thus increasing prices of
fuel. As mentioned in more and more electronic appliances will be used in future to make the
automotive industry more efficient and widely acceptable. The market for Electric and Hybrid
vehicles which is scarce right now is fetching investments and is soon to become the future of
automotive industry. On conducting a research beforehand about the project.
Brian Casey Langford[6]:-This study focuses on measuring the physiological impact of walking,
bicycling, and e-bike riding on a carefully controlled, but representative fixed course. This paper
focuses on investigating comparisons between trips made on e-bikes, conventional bicycles,
and walking. As expected, e-bike power demands from the user are lower than those of
conventional bicycles; however, ebikes can be a technology to introduce active transportation
to potential users, particularly sedentary individuals, and can be balanced by longer trip
distances. Past literature suggests that e-bikes can serve as a gateway to active transportation
for sedentary individuals (2012). Users replacing a walking or conventional bicycle trip with an
e-bike trip would be expected to acquire fewer MVPA physical activity minutes since that mode
requires less energy than the alternative modes. Users replacing a car, bus, or other less active
transportation trip with an e-bike trip would be expected to obtain more minutes of MVPA by

8. choosing a more active transportation mode. We confirm this finding and support the
recommendation that e-bikes, while providing less physical activity for transportation trips (of
fixed distance) than the other active transport modes, still provide moderate levels of physical
activity.
M.V.S.Kaushik[7]:-He Decided the contemporary types of pedal assist bicycles such as throttle
and cadence based demands user effort in order to achieve the desired speed. However, the
control mechanism defined in the existing techniques could not sufficiently bolster the user's
usability and reliability. Electric bicycles which consist of an integrated electric motor can be
classified either into a pedal assist or power on demand based on how and when the power is
applied to the motor. In pedals pressure applied on the pedal is sensed by force or pressure
sensors and is used to control the amount of voltage supplied to the motor thereby increasing or
decreasing the speed of the motor. Meanwhile, in the power on demand bicycles, the voltage is
applied to the motor on demand, using a throttle [I]. In both the specified methods the user effort
is instrumental in manipulating the speed of the motor. However, the proposed system tends to
reduce this user effort. Slope of the road Due to the increase or decrease in the inclination
(slope) of the road the speed of the bicycle may vary. In case of Aerodynamic losses When the
now of the wind is opposite in direction to the bicycle then the speed of the bicycle decreases
when the wind is along the direction of the bicycle it is vice-versa. The in case of Rolling friction
The friction between the cycle wheel and the road may not have a significant effect but is one of
the factors which may decrease the speed of the bicycle.
S.Manikandan[8]:-Theory states that the hybrid economy ensures a cleaner and more
economical solution to the energy crisis. People use bikes and fuelled vehicles for even
travelling short distances withoutmaking use of cycles and other non –fuelled vehicles .This an
electric assistance has been provided to the cycle that will ease the user to ride the unit with the
help of a motor. Even the hardship of climbing slopes and riding on rough terrains has been
reduced. All these aspects are available keeping in mind the factor of pollution being affected at
all. we are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality we
have done to our ability and skill making use of available facilities.
JazelleMediavillo[9]:-Through his statement of the study, a regenerative braking system for a
Brushless DC Motor controller for an electric bicycle which consists of a DC-DC boost converter
circuit that increases the DC voltage by 10% from the motor that charges the battery is
implemented. A DC-DC boost converter circuit steps up the input voltage coming from the DC
output voltage of the motor to its output at the load. The output voltage of the motor is 48V and is
increased by 10% and boosts to 53V therefore enables the battery to charge.For this study, in
order to have a more desirable output in the boost converter circuit, a higher PWM frequency
that reaches up to MHz in value is recommended. In accordance to this, it lowers the value of the
Vds in the MOSFET which in result, avoids the fluctuations in the output. Perhaps A modular
regenerative braking circuit that will be compatible to electric bicycles is best advice for
publicizing and innovating the system of electric bicycles.
V. Sankaranarayanan[10]:-The theory he stated is that the torque assist provided by the electric
motor is based on the cyclist torque which is always measured in the existing models. But in the
proposed technique, the human torque is estimate the disturbance observer technique. The
controller is then designed using the estimated torque and the closed loop stability of the system

9. with the proposed controller is ensured. The final result is torque sensorless control of a human-
electric hybrid bicycle using disturbance observer based controller as well as The closed loop
system is stable under the proposed controller. The future scope is to implement the proposed
controller in the actual vehicle.
Rahul Bhourgade[11]:-Paper states that Basically through his theory it is stated that Hybrid
vehicles rely on two or more energy converters for generating propulsion. Each energy
converter is fed by an appropriate on-board energy reservoir. A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is
comprised of an internal combustion engine together with one or more electric machines. The
engine converts fossil fuel from the fuel tank into mechanical power while the electric machine
convert electric energy from an electric energy storage system, such as a battery, into
mechanical power. Unlike the combustion engine, an electric machine is usually able to reverse
the process by operating as a generator thereby converting mechanical power into electric
energy. There used to some problems on previous hybrid bicycles, the bike has to be charged
externally and the charging stations are not available at large amount so there is main
disadvantage. Perhaps we are Able to provide secondary running source to the vehicle. The
setup of electric motor can be attached to the any petrol bike. In this project the bike will run in
two modes. 1.Electric mode, 2.Petrol mode.
AkhlaqurRahman[12]:-Through his theory it is stated that with the advent of technology
upgrades ,The hybrid stationary bicycle is an opportunity that utilizes the human labor as input
in order to provide electrical output, thus ensuring energy doesn’t get wasted. The idea here is
to build a system that uses the magnetic forces to help cyclist overcome the load torque
experienced at the pedal, which helps improve the performance of the system. Having
established the concept, the methodology is then backed up by construction of a real Practical
system that implements the design and runs thorough testing of the proposed hybrid system
against the basic design.
Cheng-Hu Chen[13]:- States that A high performance bidirectional DC/AC converter is required
for low emission and high efficiency propulsion systems, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In a hybrid propulsion system, the electric machines usually
work bidirectionally. During the motor mode, such as starting, acceleration, (dc motor).
Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed control algorithm exhibits
satisfactory performance over a wide operation range in both motor and alternator operations.
Yamamoto[14]:- Yamaha Motor under the surveillance of the great author, has developed and
marketed a hybrid bicycle with an electric supplemental power source which generates assist
power in proportion to the pedal torque by riders. The key function required for this assist power
control system is that the variation of the assist ratio should be as small as possible over wide
range of riding conditions. The assist power control system consists of mechanical and
electrical components and requires a very tight quality control of each component if the design
is to be robust to disturbances such as pedal torque or vehicle speed. The author applied the
Taguchi method to this development and succeeded in selecting the optimum combination of
component levels in the system.
F. Todeschini[15]:- This paper presents the design of a self-sustaining hybrid electric bicycle for
improving human efficiency: system integration, energy fluxes, physiological consideration and

10. an algorithm to prove the possibility of decreasing oxygen consumption are presented. Results
show that a correct Strategy can improve human efficiency for a specific protocol over than
30%.
Cheng-Ting Liu[16]:-By this theory, it is stated that With appropriate modeling of the driving
environment and theVehicle system and dynamics, the proposed RLAPM could be possibly
extended to the dynamic power management for electrical vehicle (EV) or hybrid EV to satisfy
the demandof driver, reach the zero emission of CO2, and maximize the Energy utilization at the
same time.
J. P. Meijaard[17]:- He stated that The dynamics of an bicycle matters a lot for looping it with the
rider itself, Thus an unstable modes of both bicycle–rider combinations have very good modal
controllability for steer torque control but are marginally controllable by lateral upper body
motions. This indicates that most control actions for lateral balance on a bicycle are performed
by steer control only and not by lateral upper body motions. Mihai Machedon-Pisu[18]:-
Presented that in the context of the recent expansion of urban transportation systems, followed
by rapid development of road infrastructure and motorization, the increase in the number of
vehicles is completely justified. The current state of transportation vehicles has reveled the
necessity to develop cleaner electric vehicles especially due to growing global impact of traffic
and air pollution of human health with urban environments, so it is very necessary to use in case
of hybrid bicycle.
J. Van Mierlo[19]:-This Theory Represented that energy efficiency of the different transportation
means is strongly varying as a result of thermodynamic laws, type of technology and power
level. The environmental state of the Earth is determined by the superposition of all local
emissions. Battery and hybrid electric vehicles are able to ensure a mobility sustainable solution
preparing a future shared with the hydrogen economy. At the present phase of their
development, hybrid vehicles still need support from public authorities, so that the market can
reach a size allowing its natural development.
Jeremy Michalek[20]:-He decided We compare the potential of hybrid, extended-range plug-in
hybrid, and battery electric vehicles to reduce lifetime cost and life cycle greenhouse gas
emissions under various scenarios and simulated driving conditions. Efforts to assess and
improve the fuel economy and emissions of vehicles are typically not conducted under real-
world driving, since multiple noise factors such as various driving patterns, traffic conditions,
weather, and terrain might affect the results. Instead, tests are done in a laboratory under
controlled and repeatable conditions so that even small fuel economy improvements are not lost
due to the noise in the environment.
Maarten Messagie[21]:-States that this theory Hybrid powertrains are currently regarded as
promising emerging technologies for propulsion of vehicles with potential to reduce greenhouse
and other exhaust gas emissions from road transport. In terms of technical scope, most studies
model the whole vehicle, or at least the powertrain, using a similar level of detail. A different, but
also quite common technical scope, is to focus on the battery, either in a complete LCA, as
placed in a vehicle, or considering only the equipment life cycle in a component study. The
reason for the extra attention on battery technology is a consensus among all studies over the
traction battery being a key component in terms of weight, performance.

11. Wojciech Sałabun[22]:-According to him Sustainable development is becoming a more complex
problem, one that requires a modern approach with the use of various methods. More than 50%
of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and it is estimated that by 2045 the number of
people living in cities will increase up to 1.5 times—which is around 6 billion people. There are
more than 1 billion motorized vehicles worldwide, and with rising income levels, one should
expect continuous expansion As a result of high flows of people into cities, transport systems
are on the verge of transformation. With rising numbers of people dwelling in urban areas, many
challenging needs and problems arise regarding sustainable development, where the critical
element is the sustainable transport. The importance of this issue is not only proven by the
critical postulates of the Sustainable Development Goals [4], but also by negative aspects
current urban transport poses, such as elevated levels of air pollution or more frequent
premature deaths from human exposure to harmful pollutant.
Andrew F. Burke[23]:-The theory stated by his is that The design requirements for energy
storage in electric vehicle applications have been discussed and compared with the present
status of the energy storage technologies. The performance of the EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs was
simulated for various vehicle types and driveline designs. Simulation results are presented for
energy consumption, fuel economy, and grid electricity usage on the Federal urban and highway
driving cycles. C.E.
Thomas[24]:-Have Several alternative vehicle and fuel options are under consideration to
alleviate the triple threats of climate change, urban air pollution and foreign oil dependence
caused by motor vehicles. Charging batteries for an all-electric vehicle will take much longer.
One of the challenges facing battery companies is to design and manufacture batteries that can
accept rapid charging currents without overheating the battery cells or disrupting the voltage
balance between cell banks. But even if batteries can be built to accept rapid charging, the local
electrical supply system. The cost of vehicle fuel per km driven will depend on the fuel price per
unit energy and the vehicle fuel economy. We conclude that the fuel cell electric vehicle could
provide the range, passenger and trunk space and refueling times at an affordable price
demanded by modern drivers for full function passenger vehicles.
D. Howey[25]:-Workedimproving road transport requires all these issues to be addressed.
Managing demand and promoting co-modality can provide a partial solution, however
introducing alternative transport fuels and vehicles will also be necessary in order to achieve
the objectives, energy security and urban air quality. In order to assess the viability of the
various powertrains, it is necessary to consider not just the capital cost but also the running
costs. End-of-life costs are not addressed in here, nor are the durability and lifetime of the
various components accounted for. Therefore it is implicitly assumed that the end-of-life costs
are all equal, and that all components will have acceptable lifetimes. This is a very important
consideration and must be addressed in order to accurately predict complete lifecycle costs,
but at the present time there is insufficient reliable data on the recycling and/or disposal costs of
vehicle batteries and fuel cells to make an objective assessment.
Troy R. Hawkins[26]:-He states that Purpose A literature review is undertaken to understand
how well existing studies of the environmental impacts of hybrid vehicles address the full life
cycle of these technologies. Based on our survey of 51 environmental assessments of hybrid
and electric vehicles, we find no single study contains a complete assessment of electric

12. vehicles. In general, more studies include the LCI of fuels and electricity than the LCI of the
vehicle itself.hybrid and electric vehicles considering components and life cycle stages,
emission categories, impact categories, and resource use and compare the content of 51
environmental assessments of hybrid vehicles to our main objective.
T. F. Chan[27]:- In this paper, the design of an in-wheel, axial-field, permanent-magnet brushless
dc motor drive for powering hybrid vehicles is used for computing the magnetic field distribution
of the motor, from which the motor performance can be determined. A prototype motor has
been built together with the electronic converter circuit. Preliminary tests on the prototype
motor drive demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design for electric bicycle applications.
This paper presents the design of an axial-field PM brushless dc motor drive for use on an hybrid
bicycle
Annette Muetze[28]:-This Paper states that Electric motor powered bicycles have been making
their way into the U.S. market for about two decades. The model is designed for the
investigation of both the instantaneous and the overall performance of direct-drive of hybrid
bicycles driving systems under riding conditions. Investigation of various instantaneous drive
parameters such as motor current, voltage, torque, remaining battery energy and system
efficiency. Overall performance evaluation of the drive over a given cycle. such as system
efficiency and total power consumption.
AziraAdnan[29]:- This paper describes finite element modeling and analysis of 3-phase
brushless DC motor for direct-drive application with low speed and high torque capability. The
motor is intended to be used as traction drive in an electric bicycle. Mechanical parameters are
the parameters include diameter for rotor and stator, stator and rotor yoke thickness, slot
depth, slot width, tooth height, copper, magnet material, magnet thickness and air gap length.
Propulsion power is required in rotating the wheel in order to move the bicycle at the desired
speed.
Jang-GyoonChoi[30]:-According to him Mainly use of bicycles has been world-widely
recommended to reduce the problems which has seen seriously these days such as air pollution
by automobile exhaust fumes and traffic congestion by increasing motoring population in
addition to promote the individual healths. In ordinary times the dc motor is driven by change of
a transmission in this system and as the speed of it decreases due to the overload, the load
induction unit works automatically to accelerate it with the maximum efficiency of a system. The
speed of the dc motor, therefore, can be regulated. In this experiment, we presented the way to
control the speed of the dc motor, it is expected that the precise control would be possible
through simply numerical adjustments and improving the performance of the whole system. Sl
no 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. YEAR 1999 2015 2021 2021 2020 2017 2015 Author’s Name Dr.Arola
Matteo Corno Guozhu Mao Carlo Mari Dr. Rajendra Sutar Brian Casey Langford M.V.S.Kaushik
S.Manikandan Jazelle Mediavillo Keywords Frame Design An advanced energy.

13. Marketing analysis and cost analysis of basic parts of cycle

14. CHART OF ACTIVITIES

15. REFERENCE
[1] D. Arola; P.G. Reinhall; M.G. Jenkins; S.C. Iverson (1999). AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF
A HYBRID BICYCLE FRAME. , 23(3), 21–24. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1567.1999.tb01565.x
[2] Matteo Corno, Daniele Berretta, PierfrancescoSpagnol, Sergio M Savaresi IEEE Transactions
on Control Systems Technology 24 (3), 817-829, 2015
[3] Guozhu Mao, Tianyi Hou, Xi Liu, Jian Zuo, Abdul-Hakim Ibrahim Kiyawa, Pingping Shi,
Sukhbir Sandhu Journal of Cleaner Production 282, 125081, 2021
[4] Carlo Mari A Business History of the Bicycle Industry, 1-38, 2021
[5] Rajendra Sutar, Sameep Pote, SparshPahalwan, Akash Junnarkar, 2020 International
Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication & Materials (ICACCM), 218-222, 2020
[6] Brian Casey Langford, Christopher R Cherry, David R Bassett Jr, Eugene C Fitzhugh,
NirbeshDhakal Journal of Transport & Health 6, 463-473, 2017
[7] MVS Kaushik 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and
Communication Technologies (ICECCT), 1-4, 2015
[8] S Manikandan, S Prakash, A Manivarma
[9] JazelleMediavillo ,JocelynDiosanto, Krizzle Pereda, Pamela Sacdalan, Engr Noriel Mallari,
Engr Isidro Marfori
[10] V Sankaranarayanan, Sowmya Ravichandran 2015 International Conference on Industrial
Instrumentation and Control (ICIC), 806-810, 2015
[11] Rahul Bhourgade, SatyendraKanojiya, Vipul Meshram, Prajwal Tijare, Himanshu
Chambhare, Ashish Umarkar, Nilesh Sonare
[12] Akhlaqur Rahman, Khary Simon, 2020 International Conference on Smart Grids and Energy
Systems (SGES), 673-678, 2020
[13] Cheng-Hu Chen, Ming-Yang Cheng2006 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial
Electronics 3, 2116-2121, 2006
[14] Hiroshi Yamamoto, TatsuzoKatsuoka, Nihaku Igarashi, Hiroyuki Koyama Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc., Warrendale, PA (United States), 1995
[15] Fabio Todeschini, PierfrancescoSpagnol, Giovanni Alli, Cristiano Spelta, Paolo Lisanti,
Sergio M Savaresi, Andrea Morelli 2012 American Control Conference (ACC), 2761-2766, 2012
[16] Cheng-Ting Liu ,Roy Chaoming Hsu, Din-Yuen Chan IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics 59 (8), 3350-3359, 2011
[17] JPMeijaard, Arend L Schwab, JDG KooijmanVehicle system dynamics 50 (8), 1209-1224,
2012
[18] Mihai Machedon-Pisu, Paul Nicolae Borza Sustainability 12 (1), 32, 2020
[19] Joeri Van Mierlo, Gaston Maggetto, Ph Lataire Energy conversion and management 47 (17),

16. 2748- 2760, 2006
[20] Jeremy Michalek ,OrkunKarabasoglu, Energy policy 60, 445-461, 2013
[21] Maarten Messagie, Anders Nordelöf, Anne-Marie Tillman, Maria LjunggrenSöderman, Joeri
Van MierloThe International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19 (11), 1866-1890, 2014
[22] Wojciech Sałabun, Krzysztof Palczewski, JarosławWątróbski Sustainability 11 (12), 3314,
2019
[23] Andrew F Burke Proceedings of the IEEE 95 (4), 806-820, 2007
[24] CE Thomas international journal of hydrogen energy 34 (15), 6005-6020, 2009
[25]David Howey, Gregory James Offer, Marcello Contestabile, R Clague, NP Brandon Energy
policy 38 (1), 24-29, 2010
[26] Troy R Hawkins, Ola Moa Gausen, Anders Hammer StrømmanThe International Journal of
Life Cycle Assessment 17 (8), 997-1014, 2012
[27] TF Chan, Lie-Tong Yan, Shao-Yuan Fang IEEE Transactions on Energy conversion 17 (2),
229-233, 2002
[28] Annette Muetze, Ying Chin Tan 2007 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives
Conference 2, 1574-1581, 2007
[29] Azira Adnan, Dahaman Ishak 2009 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development
(SCOReD), 376-379, 2009
[30] Jang-Gyoon Choi, Min Kim, Jeong-Il Lee, Hyung-Sang Yoon, Yang-Su Kim, In-Su Cha
ISIE'2000. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (Cat.
No. 00TH8543) 1, 141-144, 2000
Recent Developments
Hybrid bicycles provides more comfort to the consumers. Nowadays, hybrid bicycles are known
as the workhorse of bicycles, and due to its extremely versatile properties, it has gained a high
momentum in the recent years in the market. The system we designed is a hybrid bicycle. The
project has a number of benefits to both the team members as well as external benefits through
increasing awareness of alternative transportation modes. At-first we made a design of our
project in autoCAD with proper dimensions. Then we did market analysis and cost analysis of
basic parts of cycle. Most essential part of our project was how to developed this cycle with
different types of innovation idea like Pedal assist and use of alternator. We have done literature
review from different sources. We researched and discussed with our respective teachers and
our guide for helping. After cost analysis we gave our all focused to reduced the costing of this
cycle.
Pedal assist is a mode on your electric bike that provides power from the motor to help you
pedal easier and move faster.The installation is given below:
https://youtu.be/NzZ6psWOQUI
Installation of Lithium ion battery
https://youtu.be/Vvmf5I2sN6o

17. CONCLUSION
This project on Hybrid Bicycle is an alternative to automobiles for medium distance travel and
focuses on energy conservation. When the Hybrid electric bicycle is kept under sunlight the
battery gets charged which powers an electric motor in the front wheel. The use of motor aids
the resistance in pedaling while going up hills. When there is no sunlight, the bicycle can be
charged by ac mains. The project focuses on constructing a hybrid bicycle with a minimal
additional weight that is capable of greater efficiency through its use of regenerative motor and
various other mechanisms. The implementation of the proposed system is on its way and is yet
to be completed. In future we also need to look more into the different mechanisms for decision
making and control.