2. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
This shows how water moves around/flows.
It’s a closed system, meaning there’s no way water can either enter or leave; it just flows round and round.
Water can be held onto the land in stores. (Next slide)
Percolation: when water moves vertically downwards
through rock and soil.
Infiltration: Happens before percolation when the
water soaks into the soil.
3. STORES
Types of stores:
Channel storage =Water is held in a river.
Groundwater storage =Water is held in a rock or soil. A rock that stores water is
known as an aquifer.
Interception storage =Water is taken in by plants.
Surface storage =Water is held by lakes, reservoirs and puddles
4. WEATHERING
There are 3 types of weathering:
Chemical
The break down of rocks using a chemical composition
Biological
The break down of rocks using living things (like plant roots)
Physical
The break down of rock without changing the chemical composition.
FreezeThaw weathering is important in drainage basins
6. EROSION
When the force of the water causes erosion
Eroded rocks
smash into
each other and
break into
smaller
fragments
Rocks picked up by the
water and erode the bed
of the river
River water that
dissolves some types
of rocks
8. LANDFORMS IN A RIVER
Source is where the river starts.
V-ShapedValley is when there are two slopes either side of the
river making aV shape.
Interlocking spurs is the river bending into the shape of a zip.
OX-BOW LAKE
Meanders
are the
bend in
the river.
9. DELTAS
Rivers are forces to slow down when they meet
another body of water which is bigger then the river.
10. REASONS FOR FLOODING
Natural Human
Prolonged Rainfall Deforestation
Heavy Rainfall Urbanisation
Snowmelt
Geology (area is made with permeable rock,
meaning less surface run off.)
Relief (gradient of the land)
11. CASE STUDIES - BOSCASTLE
August 2004
Cornwall, LEDC
Steep-sided valley (meaning increased surface run-off)
Lasted for 8 hours before everyone was evacuated
Tourist area (for holidays and fishing)
No deaths
‘3 meter wall’ of water
12. DTM
DTM stand for DemographicTransition Model. It looks like this:
The population pyramids below show a
pyramid for each stage of the graph,
except the last stage as that is only a
prediction at the moment.
You should be able to
describe each pyramid
and say a country that is
within that stage.
13. OVERPOPULATION
This usually happens within an LEDC as it is hard to get birth control there.They
usually have a high birth rate and a falling death rate.
It all links together as this means there is a very youthful population, giving it a
high dependency ratio.
Social Economic Environmental
No access to
services/healthcare
Increasing unemployment Increased waste
Loss of education as children
have to work
Increased poverty, causing
many social problems
Increased pollution
Not enough housing, more
homeless people
Urbanisation Use up a lot of natural
resources.
Food shortages
14. OVERPOPULATION
Two ways of controlling over-population are:
Birth-control Immigration Laws
Aim to reduce the birth rate.
Some countries have a law on how many
children you can have (China’s One Child
Policy) by offering free contraception and
sex-education.
Government can limit the amount of
people able to immigrate.
They are also selective about who they let
in.
15. AGING POPULATION
High dependency ratio
Normally MEDC’s
Social Effects Economic Effects
A lot of healthcare services needed No taxes paid
Family will work as unpaid carers,
increasing stress and worry
Less economic growth for the country
Drop in birth rate as there is already a
high dependency ratio
Pension is lowered
Ways of fixing this are to
increase the retirement age
and taxes.
16. MIGRATION
There are other push factors like:
• Low wages
• Poor healthcare and education
• Prosecution
There are other pull factors like:
• Higher wages
• Religion
• Cleaner environment
17. CASE STUDIES – CHINA ONE CHILD POLICY
2005, 1.3 billionth child was born
Causing a social and economic instability
Punished if more then one child (houses destroyed, fined)
Effected the children (‘Only Child Syndrome’, selfish generation)
142 Boys for ever 100 Girls
Free healthcare
18. CASE STUDIES – EAST DEVON
Aging Population
UK, MEDC
High dependency ratio
Increase in health bills
Volunteering jobs taken up
Limited income for the economy
Life expectancy increasing
High security
19. CASE STUDIES - GAMBIA
Youthful Population
LEDC
13 children per family
Sexist government, women had no rights
92.3% Dependency ratio
High birth-rate
Expensive
Lots of jobs and food needed
Not enough teachers, lack of books, not enough time in a day for education
High infant mortality rate
20. CASE STUDIES –WESTERN EUROPE
Pro-natalist countries
UK
6 months paid leave (mother) / 90% pay for 6 weeks
2 weeks paid leave (father)
Flexible work times
Italy
Abortion is illegal
Declining birth rate
€1,000 for parents with 2 kids
21. URBANISATION
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in
urban areas. Basically, people moving to live in cities.