The last couple of decades have seen a largescale population migration from rural India to Urban India. Better job opportunities, access to education and medical facilities and a comfortable life style are few of the reasons for people shifting from rural areas to urban population canters. ULBs could not cope up with the rate of increase of population. Supporting infrastructure like water supply, sewage treatment and disposal, MSW disposal and other facilities crumbled under the exponential increase in demand. Shortage of fresh water and lack of sewage treatment infrastructure are interlinked problems. Disposal of untreated sewage in to water bodies pollute the water, making it unfit for municipal water supply even after the treatment. The larger is the system, more is the cost of maintenance and operation and lesser is the efficiency. This statement is true for large-scale sewage collection and treatment systems. It is more prudent to opt for small scale, decentralised, community base STPs. Such STPs will be installed and operated with the help of community participating. Decentralised treatment approach will not only reduce the expenditure on the operation and maintenance of central system, but attain a far better efficiency. Decentralised approach will open the avenues for sewage to be termed as an alternate source of water and energy. This approach will have a positive environmental effect. Pollution in the surface water bodies will be reduced. Decentralised disposal of municipal solid waste obtained from group housing societies will reduce the load on municipal waste collection system. A well-managed decentralised solid waste treatment facility has potential to be financially self-sustainable. Segregated organic waste which constitute approximately 60% of the waste can be converted in to compost, balance non-organic waste can be disposed of as scrap / reused / recycled. There is lots of scope for new research and technologies such as cost-effective technology for extraction of methane from the sewage. Lot of work is being carried out in this field. In near future, this technology will not only address the sewage problem, but also provide cost effective clean fuel. Similarly, there are centuries old sanitation technologies like WC toilets, which now have to be evolved in to water conserving or waterless toilets.

1. A PRESENTATION ON
‘URBAN SANITATION AND WATER SUPPLY IN NCR : HIGH RISE
BUILDING, A DECENTRALISED APPROACH’
AS PART OF PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT
FOR THE DEGREE OF ‘MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY’ IN
ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
MS JYOTI SINGH
ASST. PROFESSOR
PREPARED BY:
LALIT MOHAN SHARMA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. SUMMARY OF MAJOR WORK DONE SEM-4
DISSERTATION - URBAN SANITATION AND WATER SUPPLY IN NCR :
HIGH RISE BUILDING, A DECENTRALISED APPROACH
PUBLICATION OF PAPERS
RELEVANCE OF TRADITIONAL WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN
URBAN SCENARIO
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: AN ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE IN
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

3. ABSTRACT OF PUBLISHED PAPERS
RELEVANCE OF TRADITIONAL WATER CONSERVATION
TECHNIQUES IN URBAN SCENARIO
THIS PAPER DEALS WITH WATER SCARCITY IN URBAN AREAS. THE
WATER STRESS WITNESSED AS A RESULT OF POPULATION
MIGRATION FROM RURAL AREAS AND LACK OF FORESIGHT OF ULBs
CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY ADDRESSED BY REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL
WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES .
ABSTRACT
• EXODUS OF POPULATION TO CITIES
• CITIES HAVE WITNESSED MANY FOLDS PHYSICAL EXPANSION.
• THE CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE SYSTEM ETC
ARE UNDER STRESS.
• BIG CITIES ARE NOT IN A POSITION TO SUSTAIN ITS WATER SUPPLY WITH
IN ITS OWN MEANS.
• AN IMMEDIATE REQUIREMENT OF CONSERVATION OF WATER SOURCES
AND REVIVAL OF OLD WATER CONSERVATION FACILITIES, BUILD OVER A
PERIOD OF TIME BUT NOW IN A STATE OF DISUSE.
• REVIVAL OF TRADITIONAL WATER CONSERVATION STRUCTURES /
TECHNIQUES CAN SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE DEPENDENCY OF METROS ON
EXTERNAL WATER SOURCES TO MEET ITS DAILY REQUIREMENT.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: AN ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE IN
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
POPULATION INCREASE AND LIFESTYLE CHALLENGES RESULTED IN
EXPONENTIAL INCREASE IN PER CAPITA SOLID WASTE GENERATION . LACK OF
INFRASTRUCTURE TO DEAL WITH THE SOLID WASTE HAS EMERGED A MAJOR
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD . A DECENTRALISED APPROACH WITH
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION CAN SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE THE SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL LOAD ON THE ULBS.
ABSTRACT
• PROBLEM OF MUNICIPAL WASTE IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO INCREASING POPULATION AND
LIFESTYLE CHANGES.
• ACCUMULATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE IN LANDFILLS IS CAUSING SERIOUS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN.
• PRIORITY NEED TO BE GIVEN TO MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, BEFORE IT IS TOO
LATE.
• THIS PROBLEM CAN BE ADDRESSED BY ACTIVE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND
PROACTIVE APPROACH OF MUNICIPAL BODIES.
• IN ADDITION TO COMMUNITY EFFORTS TO GENERATE LESS AMOUNT OF WASTE, THE
PROCESS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT NEEDS TO BE DECENTRALIZED TO ATTAIN BETTER
RESULTS.
• A WELL-MANAGED MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CAN BE A BOON TO
SOCIETY RATHER THAN A LIABILITY.

5. DISSERTATION
URBAN SANITATION AND WATER SUPPLY IN NCR : HIGH RISE BUILDING, A DECENTRALISED APPROACH
CHAPTER-1: INDRODUCTION -
BACKGROUND
STRESSED URBAN RESOURCES
DEMAND SUPPLY GAP
CHAPTER -2: WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND GAP
FRESH WATER DEMAND NCT DELHI
POTABLE WATER DEMAND IN MAJOR NCR CITIES
SHORTAGE OF WATER
CHAPTER- 3: SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN
HIGHRISE BUILDINGS
INTRODUCTION
SALIENT FEATURES OF MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS
SEWAGE GENERATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL CHALLENGES
25-03-2023 6
CHAPTER -4: LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE
DECENTRALIZED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CASE STUDY
CHAPTER- 5: PROBLEM DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION
FRESH WATER SUPPLY – DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAP
SEWAGE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
CHAPTER- 6: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH APPROACH
IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH- DENSITY POPULATION POCKETS
DATA COLLECTION FROM GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES
WATER SUPPLY DEMAND, SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION
MARKET SURVEY FOR PRODUCT AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT
DECENTRALIZATION
CHAPTER -7: MITIGATION
INTRODUCTION
STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY ULBS
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE
CHAPTER- 8: SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SEPARATION OF GRAY & BLACK WASTEWATER
AND REUSE
ADOPTION OF NEW DESIGN AND
TECHNOLOGIES FOR TOILET
CHAPTER -9: CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

6. ABSTRACT
• DEALS WITH PREVAILING WATER SHORTAGE AND SANITATION PROBLEMS INTER ALIA ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
• POPULATION MIGRATION TO CITIES FOR JOB
• HIGH DENSITY OF POPULATION- LIMITED RESOURCES
• ULBs – A CHALLENGE TO PROVIDE PORTABLE WATER TO EACH HOUSES HOLD AND KEEP THE CITY CLEAN
• CENTRAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS ARE COSTLY TO BUILD , EXPENSIVE TO SUSTAIN & MAINTAIN
• DECENTRALIZED TREATMENT OF WASTE – SOLID & SEWAGE
• COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
• NEW DESIGN FOR TOILETS WITH LESS OR NO WATER DEPENDENCY FOR FLUSHING

7. PLAGIARISM CHECK SUMMARY
S.No Page no Nos of Words Plagiarism % Plagiarism Count Unique% Unique count
1 1 to 2 731 5% 36.55 95% 694.45
2 3 to 8 945 2% 18.9 98% 926.1
3 9 to11 894 8% 71.52 92% 822.48
4 12 to14 966 7% 67.62 93% 898.38
5 15 to17 863 10% 86.3 90% 776.7
6 18 to20 927 14% 129.78 86% 797.22
7 21 to 23 998 15% 149.7 85% 848.3
8 24 to 26 902 33% 297.66 67% 604.34
9 27 to 31 998 6% 59.88 94% 938.12
10 32 to35 973 4% 38.92 96% 934.08
11 36 to 38 800 5% 40 95% 760
12 39 to 42 696 3% 20.88 97% 675.12
13 43 to 45 756 0% 0 100% 756
14 46 to48 857 0% 0 100% 857
15 49 to 51 927 4% 37.08 96% 889.92
16 51 to 55 848 37% 313.76 63% 534.24
18 56 to 58 972 13% 126.36 87% 845.64
19 59 to 60 691 16% 110.56 84% 580.44
20 61 to 62 425 0% 0 100% 425
SUMMARY 16169 10% 1605.47 90% 14563.53
Source-smallseotools

8. ABSTRACT
• LARGESCALE POPULATION MIGRATION FROM RURAL INDIA TO URBAN INDIA
• ULBS COULD NOT COPE UP WITH THE RATE OF INCREASE OF POPULATION
• SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL, MSW
DISPOSAL AND OTHER FACILITIES CRUMBLED UNDER THE EXPONENTIAL INCREASE IN DEMAND
• SHORTAGE OF FRESH WATER AND LACK OF SEWAGE TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ARE INTERLINKED
PROBLEMS.
• DISPOSAL OF UNTREATED SEWAGE IN TO WATER BODIES POLLUTE THE WATER, MAKING IT UNFIT FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY EVEN AFTER THE TREATMENT.
• THE LARGER IS THE SYSTEM, MORE IS THE COST OF MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION AND LESSER IS THE
EFFICIENCY.
• DECENTRALISED TREATMENT APPROACH WILL NOT ONLY REDUCE THE EXPENDITURE ON THE OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE OF CENTRAL SYSTEM, BUT ATTAIN A FAR BETTER EFFICIENCY
• THIS APPROACH WILL HAVE A POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
• Pollution in the surface water bodies will be reduced.

9. ABSTRACT
• A WELL-MANAGED DECENTRALISED SOLID WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY HAS POTENTIAL TO BE
FINANCIALLY SELF-SUSTAINABLE
• SEGREGATED ORGANIC WASTE WHICH CONSTITUTE APPROXIMATELY 60% OF THE WASTE CAN BE
CONVERTED IN TO COMPOST, BALANCE NON-ORGANIC WASTE CAN BE DISPOSED OF AS SCRAP / REUSED /
RECYCLED.
• THERE IS LOTS OF SCOPE FOR NEW RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS COST-EFFECTIVE
TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTION OF METHANE FROM THE SEWAGE
• LOT OF WORK IS BEING CARRIED OUT IN THIS FIELD. IN NEAR FUTURE, THIS TECHNOLOGY WILL NOT ONLY
ADDRESS THE SEWAGE PROBLEM, BUT ALSO PROVIDE COST EFFECTIVE CLEAN FUEL
• THERE ARE CENTURIES OLD SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES LIKE WC TOILETS, WHICH NOW HAVE TO BE
EVOLVED IN TO WATER CONSERVING OR WATERLESS TOILETS.

10. INTRODUCTION
• THIS WORK DEALS WITH TWO MAJOR ISSUES
• URBAN WATER STRESS
• DISPOSAL OF WASTE – MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND SEWAGE
• HOW AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE HAS BECOME A CHALLENGE IN URBAN AREAS
• JOB SEEKER'S MIGRATING FROM RURAL AREAS TO UNBAN AREAS
• LACK OF FORESIGHT OF ULBs
• DEMAND SUPPLY GAP
• ADEQUATE WATER IS NOT AVAILABLE IN URBAN AREAS (NCR)- DEPENDENCY ON EXTERNAL SOURCES
• LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE TO DEAL WITH MUNICIPAL WASTE
• NET RESULT – ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

11. CHAPTER-1: INDRODUCTION
FRAGMENTED LAND HOLDINGS
SHIFT FROM AGGREGATION
ECONOMY TO PRODUCTION AND
SERVICE SECTOR-BASED ECONOMY
POSES UNPRECEDENTED CHALLENGES
FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN
INDIA
AMENITIES LIKE SANITATION
FACILITIES, ACCESS TO POTABLE
WATER, ELECTRICITY ETC ARE UNDER
STRESS
WATER STRESS IN CITIES –
REASONS

12. INTRODUCTION – 1.2 STRESSED URBAN RESOURCES
• INDIA IS WATER SURPLUS AND RECEIVES ENOUGH ANNUAL
• INDIA NEEDS A MAXIMUM OF 3,000 BILLION CUBIC METRES OF WATER A YEAR WHILE IT
RECEIVES 4,000 BILLION CUBIC METRES OF RAIN
• 8% OF THE RAIN FALL IS CAPTURED WHICH IS AMONG THE LOWEST IN THE WORLD
• NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION COMPRISING OF DELHI AT THE CENTRE, SURROUNDED BY
GURUGRAM, NOIDA, GHAZIABAD AND FARIDABAD HAS SEEN AN AVERAGE OF 89%
POPULATION INCREASE IN THE LAST TWO DECADES
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE FACTORIES, CALL CENTRES, IT
CENTRES, A LARGE NUMBER OF HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

13. S
.
n
o
City
Populatio
n in
2001in
lakhs
Expected
Populatio
n in
2021inn
lakhs
1 Delhi 138.45 311.80
2 Noida 12.02 18.59
3 Gurugram 8.70 30.00
4
Ghaziabad
# (2011)
# 17.30 23.75
5 Faridabad 13.65 23.40

14. INTRODUCTION -1.3 DEMAND SUPPLY GAP
WATER SUPPLY
• MORE THAN 700mm OF ANNUAL RAINFALL
• FIVE NUMBERS OF RIVERS (YAMUNA,
HINDON, SAHIBI, GANGA) FLOWING THROUGH
THE NCR
• NCR FACES AN ACUTE WATER SHORTAGE
• MORE THAN 60% OF THE FRESH WATER
REQUIREMENT OF NCT DELHI IS PROVIDED BY
OTHER STATES
WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
• DELHI GENERATES 3330 MLD OF SEWAGE WITH
INSTALLED TREATMENT CAPACITY OF 2896 MLD AND
OPERATIONAL TREATMENT CAPACITY AS 2715 MLD
• APPARENTLY, THERE IS AN OPERATIONAL
TREATMENT CAPACITY DEFICIT OF 18.50%
• NCT DELHI GENERATES 15,413 MT/DAY OF
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE WITH INSTALLED
TREATMENT FACILITIES OF 5300 MT/DAY (34.40% OF
THE WASTE GENERATED)
• MORE THAN 10,000 MT/DAY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE IS DUMPED INTO LANDFILL SITES

15. WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND GAP
DELHI
,
25%
DELHI
,
40%
DELHI
,
8%
GURUGRAM,
50%
GURUGRAM,
48%
GURUGRAM,
6%
NOIDA,
35%
NOIDA,
25%
NOIDA,
40%
FARIDABAD,
7%
FARIDABAD,
85%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
WATER DEFFICIENCY DEPENDANCY ON EXTERNAL
SOURCES
DEPENDENCY GROUND WATER
DELHI GURUGRAM NOIDA FARIDABAD

16. CHAPTER-2: WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND GAP
DELHI HAS A DEFFICIENCY OF APPX 25%.
MORE THAN 40% OF AVAILABLE WATER
IS BROUGHT FROM OUT SIDE.
8% OF WATER AVAILABLE IN DELHI IS
GROUND WATER
GURUGRAM HAS A SHORTAGE OF OVER
50% OF PORTABLE WATER .
6% OF AVAILABLE WATER IS GROUND
WATER
NOIDA HAS A DEFICIT OF 35% .
40% OF THE AVAILABLE WATER IS
GROUND WATER
FARIDABAD HAS A DEFICIT OF 7%
WATER DEFICIT .
MAJORITY OF THE AVAILABLE WATER
IS GROUND WATER
GROUND WATER LEVEL
ACROSS 21 MAJOR CITIES
IN INDIA HAS
DRASTICALLY GONE

17. WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND GAP
FRESH WATER DEMAND: NCT DELHI
 DEMAND- 1260 MILLION GALLONS PER DAY
 AVAILABLE – 937 MILLION GALLONS PER DAY
 POPULATION- 21 MILLION
FRESH WATER DEMAND: GURUGRAM
• DEMAND -400 MLD
• AVAILABLE -200 MLD
• POPULATION – 3.0 MILLION
400
235
35
200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Total Water Demand Total Water Supplied Leakage losses Actual Supply after losses
WATER DEMAN AND SUPPLY IN GURUGRAM
IN MLD
25% 50%

18. WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND GAP
FRESH WATER DEMAND: NOIDA
 DEMAND- 181 MLD
 AVAILABLE – 118 MLD
 POPULATION- 1.8 MILLION
FRESH WATER DEMAND: FARIDABAD
• DEMAND -240 MLD
• AVAILABLE -224MLD
• POPULATION – 2.30 MILLION
181
118
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Total Water Demand Total Water Supplied
WATER DEMAN AND SUPPLY IN NOIDA
IN MLD
240
224
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
Total Water Demand Total Water Supplied
WATER DEMAN AND SUPPLY IN FARIDABAD
IN MLD
35% 7%

19. • ALL MAJOR CITIES IN NCR ARE UNDER ACUTE WATER STRESS.
• WATER FROM GANGA AND VARIOUS DAMS IN HARYANA AND AS FAR AS FROM HIMACHAL SUPPLY UP TO 60% OF
THE FRESHWATER TO NCR
• THERE IS EVEN A PROPOSAL TO BRING FRESH WATER FOR DELHI FROM DAMS TO BE BUILT IN NEPAL THROUGH A
370-KM CANAL
• THE SHORTAGE OF WATER IS FURTHER COMPOUNDED DURING SUMMERS, WHEN DEMAND ESCALATES BY 20-25%
AND AVAILABILITY REDUCES.
• AS PER THUMB RULE APPROXIMATELY 80% OF THE MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY IS CONVERTED INTO SEWAGE
• SEWAGE EITHER IN RAW FORM OR A NOMINAL PERCENTAGE AS PARTIALLY TREATED, FALLS BACK TO SURFACE
WATER BODIES
• SEWAGE HAS TO BE SEEN AS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF WATER FOR NON-DRINKING PURPOSES
WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND GAP

20. SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS
 HIGH RISE BUILDING – MORE POPULATION DENSITY
 ORGANIZED BODY TO MANAGE DAY TO DAY AFFAIRS
 HIGH SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DENSITY
 CENTRAL SEWAGE SYSTEM- HIGH INFRASTRUCTURE COST
DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN HIGH M&O COTS LESS EFFICIENCY
FLUSHING,
25.71%
DRINKING AND COOKING,
4.57%
BATHING
AND
WASHING,
40%
HOUSE CLEANING, 2.86%
KITCHEN CLEALING PURPOSE,
8.57%
OTHER ( ARBORICALTURE , CAR
WASHING ETC), 18.29%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
FLUSHING DRINKING AND COOKING BATHING AND WASHING HOUSE CLEANING KITCHEN CLEALING
PURPOSE
OTHER ( ARBORICALTURE ,
CAR WASHING ETC)
 DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE – RICH IN ORGANIC CONTENT (
UP TO 70% AS COMPACTED TO 50-55% IN MSW)
 DECENTRALIZED TREATMENT
 STP – MORE EFFICIENT – REDUCED LOAD ON CENTRAL SEWAGE
 DECENTRALIZED SEGREGATION AND COMPOSTING – REDUCED LOAD
ON LAND FILLSN

21. CHAPTER-3: SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE
BUILDINGS
MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IS AN
ECONOMICALLY VIABLE APPROACH TO
ACCOMMODATE THE EXODUS OF
POPULATION TO BIG CITIES
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
50-55 % OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE,
11% IS PAPER AND CARDBOARD,
14 % OF PLASTIC AND PACKAGING MATERIAL,
6% OF GLASS AND METAL
20-25% ARE INERT
MATERIALS
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DOMESTIC SEWAGE - 80% OF THE WATER
SUPPLY IN RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION
CONVERTED IN TO SEWAGE
SEWAGE IS 98% WATER 2% SOLID/OIL
SEWAGE TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL CHALLENGES –
DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT
APPROACH
PAST TWO DECADES 100% POPULATION
GROWTH IN NCR MAJOR CHALLENGES –
WATER SUPPLY,
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTE

22. • FIVE MAJOR CITIES OF NCR HAVE SEEN 100% POPULATION GROWTH IN THE PAST TWO DECADES
• WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE DISPOSAL, ROAD SPACE & TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
MUNICIPAL WASTE ARE THE MAJOR CHALLENGES
• A SIZABLE PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION IN NCR LIVES IN MULTI-STOREY APARTMENTS
SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS:
3.1.- INTRODUCTION

23. AN ECONOMICALLY VIABLE APPROACH TO ACCOMMODATE THE EXODUS OF POPULATION TO BIG CITIES
(a) CONCENTRATED WATER REQUIREMENT – HIGH DENSITY OF POPULATION IN MULTI-STOREY ENTAILS HIGH WATER
REQUIREMENTS IN SMALL POCKETS.
(b) DEPENDING ON LOCAL ‘FAR’ , HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES HAVE OPEN AREA / COMMON AREA WHICH
ARE INVARIABLY DEVELOPED AS PARKS / RECREATIONAL SPACE / GREEN AREA
(c) PARKING SPACE IS PROVIDED IN THE BASEMENTS
(d) DUE TO HIGH DENSITY OF POPULATION, DENSITY OF SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION IS ALSO VERY
HIGH
(e) ORGANIZED BODY TO TAKE CARE OF DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIR SO THE SOCIETY
(f) HIGH RISE RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES HAVE POTENTIAL FOR DECENTRALIZED TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE AND
SEWAGE GENERATED WITHIN THE COMPLEX.
SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS:
3.2.- SALIENT FEATURES OF MULTI STOREY RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX

24. • HIGH POPULATION DENSITY INCREASES THE LOCALIZED WATER REQUIREMENT INTER ALIA SEWAGE GENERATION
• 25% OF FRESH WATER SUPPLY IS FLUSHED INTO THE DRAIN
SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS:
3.3.- SEWAGE GENERATION
FLUSHING,
25.71%
DRINKING AND COOKING, 4.57% BATHING
AND
WASHING,
40%
HOUSE CLEANING, 2.86%
KITCHEN CLEALING PURPOSE,
8.57%
OTHER ( ARBORICALTURE , CAR
WASHING ETC), 18.29%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
FLUSHING DRINKING AND
COOKING
BATHING AND
WASHING
HOUSE CLEANING KITCHEN CLEALING
PURPOSE
OTHER (
ARBORICALTURE , CAR
WASHING ETC)

25. 80% OF THE WATER SUPPLY IN RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION IS CONVERTED INTO SEWAGE.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
• ORGANIC MATTER - MEASURED IN TERMS OF BOD AND COD, ORGANIC MATTER LEADS TO
DEPLETION OF OXYGEN IN WATER BODIES
• NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS - ALGAL GROWTH AND EUTROPHICATION OF WATER BODIES
• SUSPENDED SOLIDS - REPRESENT THAT FRACTION OF TOTAL SOLIDS IN ANY WASTEWATER THAT
CAN BE SETTLED GRAVITATIONALLY (A) ORGANIC (B) INORGANIC
• BACTERIAL PARAMETER (FECAL COLIFORM) - BACTERIAL PARAMETERS, SUCH AS FECAL
COLIFORM (FC), ARE ALSO VERY IMPORTANT WHEN HUMAN HEALTH IS THE PRIME CONCERN.
• OIL AND GREASE
SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS:
3.4.- CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE
Eutrophication is an enrichment of water by nutrient salts
that causes structural changes to the ecosystem such
as: increased production of algae and aquatic plants,
depletion of fish species, general deterioration of water
quality and other effects that reduce and preclude use

26.  MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CONTAINS ABOUT 50-55 % OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE, 11% IS PAPER AND CARDBOARD, 14 %
OF PLASTIC AND PACKAGING MATERIAL, 6% OF GLASS AND METAL AND THE REMAINING 20-25% ARE INERT MATERIALS
 WASTE GENERATED IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS HAS A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE WHICH CAN BE
AS HIGH AS UP TO 70 TO 75%.
 ULBs IN NCR HAVE STIPULATED GUIDELINES FOR DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE FROM GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES
(a) CENTRALIZED COLLECTION OF WASTE IN THE SOCIETY
(b) SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE
(c) COMPOSTING OF ORGANIC WASTE
(d) SOCIETY TO PAY CONVENIENCE CHARGES FOR DISPOSAL OF SEGREGATED WASTE
 MANY GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES HAVE ADOPTED THE ULBS GUIDELINES. 60% TO 70% OF THE TOTAL WASTE IS
TREATED WITHIN THE SOCIETY
SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS:
3.5.-SOLID WASTE GENERATION

27.  CENTRALIZED SEWAGE SYSTEM ----LONG UNDERGROUND PIPE LINE NETWORK FOR COLLECTION , LARGE CAPACITY
TREATMENT PLANTS, INTERMEDIATE PUMPING STATIONS
 HUGE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST
 SMALL TOWNS AND VILLAGES ADOPTED DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT - INDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANK / SOAKAGE
PIT-BASED SEWAGE DISPOSAL
 DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT APPROACH IS A NEW CONCEPT IN URBAN SCENARIO
 WITH THE EMERGING CONCEPT OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS AND GROUP HOUSINGS; ADOPTION OF A DECENTRALIZED
SEWAGE TREATMENT APPROACH IS FEASIBLE
 IT IS NOW MANDATORY IN NCR FOR ALL GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES TO TREAT SEWAGE GENERATED IN THE SOCIETY
 NEW DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT NORMS ARE EASY TO IMPLEMENT IN NEW / UNDER PLANNING PROJECTS.
HOWEVER, IMPLEMENTATION OF SUCH NORMS IN COMPLETED PROJECTS HAS ITS OWN ASSOCIATED CHALLENGES –COST
, SPACE , APPREHENSION TO USE RECYCLED WATER
SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN HIGHRISE BUILDINGS:
3.6.-SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL CHALLENGES

28. LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH PAPER DEALING WITH DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMET AND SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
GOVT POLICY GUIDE LINE DEALING (SWACHH BHARAT MISSION MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT MANUAL 2016)
CASE STUDY - LODHI GARDEN-JM ENVIRO TECHNOLOGIES LTD., NEW DELHI

29. CHAPTER-4: LITERATURE REVIEW
‘DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT’
MINISTER OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN 2012
PREPARED BY IIT CHENNAI
‘IS DECENTRALIZED WASTE-WATER TREATMENT
AND REUSE SYSTEM THE WAY FORWARD FOR
INDIA'S TAIL-END SANITATION CHALLENGE’ DR
GIRIJA K BHARAT, OF TERI (THE ENERGY AND
RESOURCE INSTITUTE)
‘DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS (DEWATS)
AND SANITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’
REPORT BY UK BASED LEADING INSTITUTES
‘BREMEN OVERSEAS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION’ AND ‘WATER, ENGINEERING AND
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE’
‘DECENTRALIZED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
INDIA: A PERSPECTIVE ON TECHNOLOGICAL
OPTIONS’
SHRI SATPAL SINGH OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
URBAN AFFAIRS, NEW DELHI
DECENTRALIZED APPROACH
AND REUSE

30. WATER MANAGEMENT REPORT: WORD BANK 2017- WORLD WILL FACE A 40%
SHORTFALL BETWEEN FORECAST DEMAND AND AVAILABLE SUPPLY OF WATER
BY 2030
LITERATURE REVIEW
‘DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT’ PREPARED FOR MINISTER OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN 2012- MINISTRY HAS ADVOCATED ADOPTION OF
DECENTRALISED APPROACH CLUSTERS OF RESIDENCES, INDUSTRIAL PARKS,
PUBLIC FACILITIES, COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND INSTITUTIONAL
FACILITIES
FLUENCE (US BASED TECHNOLOGY PROVIDER ) -DECENTRALIZATION OF SEWAGE
TREATMENT IS AN ECONOMICALLY VIABLE, AND SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE TO
LARGE TREATMENT PLANTS THAT REQUIRE KILOMETRES OF COSTLY SUPPLY AND
DELIVERY INFRASTRUCTURE
IS DECENTRALIZED WASTE-WATER TREATMENT AND REUSE SYSTEM THE WAY
FORWARD FOR INDIA TAIL-END SANITATION CHALLENGE-CENTRALIZED
APPROACH HAS BEEN UNABLE TO KEEP UP WITH THE PRESSURE DUE TO RAPID
URBANIZATION AND EXPONENTIAL GROWTH IN URBAN POPULATION
DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS (DEWATS) AND
SANITATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES’ -DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER
SOLUTIONS, HAVE TO BECOME AN INTEGRAL PART OF COMPREHENSIVE
WASTEWATER STRATEGIES, COMPLEMENTING OTHER APPROACHES
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER AND
FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDIES FROM INDIA-26 OUT OF 32
LARGEST CITIES IN INDIA HAVE 10-60% OF WATER SHORTAGE. A DECENTRALIZED
SOLUTION FOR SEWAGE AND FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IS THEREFORE THE
ONLY OPTION FOR INDIA TO QUICKLY INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF TREATED
WATER AND RAISE THE SHARE OF TREATED WASTEWATER
SWACHHTA STATUS REPORT 2016- THE TOTAL TREATMENT CAPACITY GAP
BETWEEN THE WASTEWATER GENERATION AND ITS TREATMENT IN CLASS I AND
CLASS II CITIES OF INDIA COMBINED IS ALSO AS HIGH AS 70%.
ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED WASTE WATER TREATMENT BY BENGALURU -
KARNATAKA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD IN 2004 MANDATED BUILDINGS
WITH EITHER MORE THAN 50 RESIDENTIAL UNITS OR A BUILT-UP AREA OF MORE
THAN 5,000 M2 IN UN-SERVED AREAS TO INSTALL ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS AND REUSE 100% OF THE TREATED WATER

31. LITERATURE REVIEW
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MANUAL 2016
THIS MANUAL PROPOSES INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ISWM) SYSTEM
BASED ON THE WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY, WITH AN AIM TO REDUCE THE
AMOUNT OF WASTE BEING MAXIMISING RESOURCE RECOVERY AND EFFICIENCY
MANUAL HAS ALSO EMPHASISED COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN WASTE
MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES FOR ENSURING A WELL-FUNCTIONING COLLECTION SYSTEM
THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR SHOULD BE EXAMINED AND INTEGRATED
INTO THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF THE CITY

32. LITERATURE REVIEW
A CASE STUDY OF LODHI GARDEN-JM ENVIRO TECHNOLOGIES LTD., NEW DELHI
 LODHI GARDENS IS SPREAD OVER 90 ACRES (360,000 M2) AREA
 SITUATED BETWEEN KHAN MARKET AND SAFDARJUNG'S TOMB ON LODHI ROAD
 A 500 KLD CAPACITY SOIL BIOTECHNOLOGY (SBT) BASED, DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
WAS SET UP AT LODHI GARDEN
 TAPS WASTE WATER FROM ADJOINING SEWAGE LINE
 THE TREATED WATER IS USED FOR HORTICULTURAL PURPOSES IN THE PARK AND IN THE NDMC AREA TO
MAINTAIN THE GREEN LANDSCAPE.
 SANJAY VAN LAKE RECEIVES TREATED SEWAGE FROM NEARBY VASANT KUNJ SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
WITH A DAILY FLOW OF 3MLD

33. PROBLEM DEFINITION
EXPANDING CITIES – POPULATION INCREASE – HIGH POPULATION DENSITY
DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAP - FRESH WATER
DEPLETION OF GROUND WATER
LOCALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT AND REUSE OF TREATED WATER
 MSW MANAGEMENT – LIMITATIONS
DECENTRALIZED SEGREGATION OF SOLID WASTE AND COMPOSTING OF ORGANIC WASTE
AIM AND OBJECTIVE
FIND OUT WAY AND MEANS TO REDUCE FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT OF MULTI -STOREY GROUP HOUSING
SOCIETIES AND IMPROVE THE OVERALL SANITATION STANDARDS BY ADOPTING A DECENTRALIZED APPROACH

34. CHAPTER-5: PROBLEM DEFINITION
THE POPULATION GROWTH RESULTED IN
INCREASED POPULATION DENSITY AND OUTWARD
EXPANSION OF CITIES
1.SEWAGE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL -33% OF
URBAN WASTEWATER IS TREATED IN THE COUNTRY,
AND A VERY SMALL PART OF TREATED WATER IS
REUSED. BALANCE OF UNTREATED WASTE IS
RELEASED INTO SURFACE WATER BODIES.
FRESH WATER -DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAP -PER
CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF WATER ON A NATIONAL
PROSPECTIVE HAS DECLINED OVER A PERIOD OF
TIME
1.MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND
DISPOSAL -MAJORITY OF THE MUNICIPAL WASTE IS
DISPOSED OF IN OPEN LANDFILLS. A VERY
MARGINAL PERCENTAGE IS UTILIZED IN WASTE TO
ENERGY GENERATION FACILITIES OR DISPOSED OF
IN OTHER RECYCLING FACILITIES
SHIFT FROM AGRARIAN
ECONOMY – POPULATION
MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO
URBAN AREAS

35. PROBLEM DEFINITION
5.2 FRESH WATER -DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAP
 NONE OF THE CITIES OF NCR ARE SELF SUFFICIENT TO MEET THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT. NCR WATER
REQUIREMENT IS MET THROUGH SUPPLY OF WATER FROM EXTERNAL SOURCES
 DURING SUMMER SESSION, WHEN POLLUTION LEVEL IN THE RIVER RISES BEYOND TREATMENT CAPACITY
OF THE PLANTS, WATER SCARCITY FURTHER DEEPENS.
 GROUND WATER TABLE HAS ALREADY TOUCHED ALARMINGLY LOW LEVELS AND IS FURTHER GOING DOWN.
 THE MULTI-STOREY GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES, HAVING TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH LARGER
POPULATION DENSITY, HAVE CONCENTRATED FRESH WATER DEMAND
 WATER DEMAND CAN BE SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED BY ADOPTING DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT
AND PARTIAL REUSE OF TREATED WATER.

36. PROBLEM DEFINITION
5.3 SEWAGE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
 ACCORDING TO THE NITI AAYOG REPORT, APPROXIMATELY 33% OF URBAN WASTEWATER IS TREATED IN THE COUNTRY, AND A VERY SMALL
PART OF TREATED WATER IS REUSED
 ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF SEWAGE GENERATED IS TREATED, THE BALANCE OFUNTREATED SEWER IS RELEASED INTO SURFACE WATER
BODIES
 NCT OF DELHI ALONE GENERATES 3268 MLD OF SEWAGE AGAINST AVAILABLE TREATMENT CAPACITY OF 2756 MLD, WHEREAS ONLY
AROUND 2083 MLD IS BEING TREATED
 DUE TO THE POOR STATE OF MAINTENANCE OF THE SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEM, SEWAGE DOES NOT REACH UPTO STPS IN ADEQUATE
QUANTITY
 UNTREATED SEWAGE NOT ONLY POLLUTES WATER BODIES BUT NOW IT SHOULD BE SEEN AS LOSS OF POTENTIAL WATER SOURCE, WHICH
CAN MEET UP TO 35% TO THE WATER DEMAND.
 MULTI STOREY RESIDENTIAL SOCIETIES AND HIGH DENSE POPULATION AREAS HAVE POTENTIAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF DECENTRALISED
SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES.

37. PROBLEM DEFINITION
5.4 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL
 NCT DELHI COMPRISING FIVE MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, WITH OVER 280 WARDS, GENERATE APPROXIMATELY 15,000 MT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTE PER DAY.
 NCT OF DELHI COLLECTS OVER 12750 MT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE PER DAY. THE COLLECTED WASTE IS DISPOSED OF AT VARIOUS WASTE
DISPOSAL / TREATMENT FACILITIES RUN BY DELHI MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES.
 ULBs ARE NEITHER EQUIPPED NOR HAVE THE RESOURCES TO DEAL WITH SUCH A MASSIVE QUANTITY OF WASTE. MAJORITY OF THE
MUNICIPAL WASTE IS DISPOSED OF IN OPEN LANDFILLS. A VERY MARGINAL PERCENTAGE OF SOLID WASTE IS UTILIZED IN WASTE TO
ENERGY GENERATION FACILITIES OR DISPOSED OF IN OTHER RECYCLING FACILITIES
 MSW OBTAINED FROM MULTI-STOREY GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES, MAINLY CONSIST OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE, PAPER & CARDBOARD,
PLASTIC & PACKAGING MATERIAL, GLASS & METAL AND MARGINAL PERCENTAGE OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE
 IF WASTE OBTAINED FROM THE GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES OR DENSELY POPULATED AREAS ISSEGREGATED AND TREATED CLOSE TO THE
SOURCE OF GENERATION , IT WILL CONSIDERABLY REDUCE OVERALL MSW LOAD ON ULBs.
 BIODEGRADABLE WASTE IF PROPERLY SEGREGATED AT SOURCE ITSELF CAN BE DISPOSED OF IN SMALL COMPOSTING FACILITIES. OTHER
REUSABLE / RECYCLABLE WASTE AFTER DUE SEGREGATION CAN BE DISPOSED OF THROUGH LOCAL KABADIWALAS / NGOS/ULBS

38. PROBLEM DEFINITION
5.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO FIND OUT WAY AND MEANS TO
REDUCE FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT OF MULTI -STOREY
GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES AND IMPROVE THE OVERALL
SANITATION STANDARDS BY ADOPTING A DECENTRALIZED
APPROACH

39. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH DENSE POCKETS AND SAMPLE DATA COLLECTION ( 22 GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES IDENTIFIED)
 DATA COLLECTED UNDER FOLLOWING HEADS – NOs OF FLATS , AREA OF PLOT ,OPEN AREA, BASEMENT , NOs OF TOWERS
 DATA ANALYSIS
 ASSUMPTIONS – 80% OCCUPANCY , 4 PERSON PER FLAT , 180 LTR FRESH WATER PER DAY PER PERSON , 10% OVER AND ABOVE FOR
ARBORICULTURE AND MISC USES
 FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT , SEWAGE GENERATION (@ 80% OF FRESH WATER SUPPLY) , SOLID WASTE GENERATION (@ 0.5 KG PER PERSON
PER DAY)
 A SAMPLE SOCIETY WITH 580 FLATS SELECTED TO DO THE ANALYSIS ( FRESH WATER -368KLD , SEWAGE-267KLD , SOLID WASTE - 0.93 MT PER
DAY)
 BASED ON ABOVE DATA QUERIES WERE MADE ON TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS TO SET UP STP
 11 VENDORS RESPONDED AND SUGGESTED MBBR BASED MODULAR STP OF 300 KLD CAPACITY
 UP TO 10% OF TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT OF SAMPLE SOCIETY CAN BE PROVIDED THROUGH TREATED WATER
 SOLID WASTE IS BEING SEGREGATED AND ORGANIC WASTE IS BEING CONVERTED IN TO COMPOST UP TO 60% REDUCTION IN WASTE
 CAUSE OF CONCERN – SOCIAL APPREHENSION ON USES OF TREATED WATER
 ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED APPROACH – UP TO 90% OF SEWAGE TREATMENT , UP TO 60% REDUCTION IN SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL BY ULBs

40. CHAPTER-6:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-DENSITY
POPULATION POCKETS
1.DATA COLLECTION OF GROUP HOUSING
SOCIETIES.
DATA ANALYSIS TO WORK OUT WATER
DEMAND , SEWAGE GENERATED & SOLID
WASTE PRODUCED
AND
MARKET SURVEY FOR SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY
SEWAGE TREATMENT AND SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL
1.FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR
2.(a) COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ,
(b) ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED APPROACH
(c) SOCIAL APPREHENSIONS
1.RESEARCH APPROACH

41. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.1.INTRODUCTION
ULBs ARE UNABLE TO MEET THE GROWING REQUIREMENT OF FRESH WATER SUPPLY TO CITIES. MAIN
PROBLEMS BEING FACED BY THE ULBs ARE
(a) DEMAND AND SUPPLY GAP OF FRESH WATER
(b) EXCESSIVE EXPENDITURE ON OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE
(c) INADEQUATE SEWAGE COLLECTION AND TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
(d) HIGH COST OF BUILDING OF NEW SEWAGE COLLECTION & DISPOSAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSOCIATED
DELAYS IN EXECUTION
(e) LOW EFFICIENCY AND HIGH COST OF OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF CENTRAL SEWAGE SYSTEM
(f) MSW COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL CHALLENGES
(g) ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES DUE TO INCORRECT DISPOSAL OF MSW AND SEWAGE

42. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.2.RESEARCH APPROACH
IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-DENSITY POPULATION POCKETS WITHIN VARIOUS CITIES IN NCR.
 SAMPLE DATA COLLECTION FROM MULTI-STOREY GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES.
CALCULATION OF FRESH WATER DEMAND, SEWAGE GENERATION AND SOLID WASTE
GENERATION.
MARKET SURVEY TO FIND OUT VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE TO
SUPPORT DECENTRALIZATION.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED
APPROACH
SOCIAL APPREHENSION FOR REUSE OF TREATED WATER
COMMUNITY BASED SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION AND DISPOSAL
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT

43. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.3. IDENTIFICATION OF HIGH-DENSITY POPULATION POCKETS
 NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION (NCR) - POPULATION DENSITY OF 20,785
PERSONS PER SQUARE KILOMETRE.
 MORE THAN 60 TIMES HIGHER THAN THE POPULATION DENSITY OF 337
PERSONS PER SQUARE KILOMETRE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
 FOLLOWING POCKETS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED TO COLLECT DATA FROM
MULTI-STOREY GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES:
(a) SECTOR 43 FARIDABAD
(b) SECTOR 45, 96, NOIDA
(c) SECTOR 1,4 NOIDA EXTENSION
(d) SECTOR 10, TECH ZONE-4, GREATER NOIDA
(e) SECTOR 67,78 GURUGRAM
(f) MODEL TOWN (NW DELHI), DELHI
(g) INDERAPURAM, SIDDHATRH VIHAR GHAZIABAD
INDERAPURAM, GHAZIABAD
SECTOR 45, NOIDA

44. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.4. DATA COLLECTION FROM GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES
 DATA HAS BEEN COLLECTED FROM 22 GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES, BY FOLLOWING A PRACTICAL APPROACH
WITH COVID PROTOCOL.
 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR DATA COLLECTION
(a) TELEPHONIC INTERACTIONS WITH VARIOUS BUILDERS TO OBTAIN FIRST-HAND INFORMATION
(b) INTERACTIONS WITH THE FRIENDS AND RELATIVES, RESIDING IN VARIOUS GROUP HOUSING FACILITIES
(c) INTERACTION WITH NOIDA AND GREATER NOIDA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OFFICIALS
(d) PHYSICAL VISIT TO LIMITED NUMBER OF SOCIETIES IN GREATER NOIDA
(e) OPEN-SOURCE DATA AVAILABLE ON INTERNET

45. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.4. DATA COLLECTION FROM GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES
DATA HAS BEEN COLLECTED UNDER FOLLOWING FIELDS
(a) NUMBERS OF FLATS
(b) TOTAL NUMBER OF TOWERS
(c) TOTAL SIZE OF THE PLOT
(d) AVAILABILITY OF OPEN SPACE
(e) AVAILABILITY OF BASEMENT

46. S.no Name of the complex Location Plot area in acers Open area in acers Nos of flats Nos of residents Basement
1 Icon Apartment Sector chi-3 Greater Noida 7.00 5.60 254 813 Yes
2 Omaxe The Forest Spa Sector 43, Faridabad 12.50 10.00 324 1037
Yes
No
3 UGCC Burgundy Noida Sector 96 30.00 24.00 450 1440 No
4 M2K Victoria Gardens
Model Town, North West Delhi,
New Delhi
5.26 3.52 500 1600 No
5 M3M Merlin Gurugram sec 67 13.34 8.00 510 1632 Yes
6 Prateek Stylome Sector 45, Noida 8.00 6.80 580 1856 Yes
7 Arihant Ambar Sector 1, Noida Extension, 3.75 2.25 624 1997 No
8 Raheja Revanta Gurugram sec 78 18.39 12.87 711 2275 No
9 Anthem French Sector 16 B, Greater Noida 6.25 4.06 1100 3520 No
10 ATS Homekraft Happy Trails Sector 10, Greater Noida 8.59 6.87 1239 3965 Yes
11 Panchsheel Hynish Sector 1 Noida Extension, 7.00 2.10 1314 4205 No
12 Fusion Homes GH 05A, Greater Noida 8.90 6.23 1475 4720 No
13 Saya Gold Avenue Vaibhav Khand, Ghaziabad 5.00 3.50 1620 5184 No
14 Nirala Estate GH04, Techzone -IV, Gr Noida 25.00 10.00 1948 6234 No
15 Amrapali Sapphire Sector 45, Noida 12.64 7.58 2341 7491 No
16 Gurjinder Vihar Sector chi-2 Greater Noida 95.00 76.00 2822 9030 No
17 DLF Capital Greens Moti Nagar New Delhi 38.00 24.70 2850 9120 Yes
18 Gaurs Siddhartham Siddhartha Vihar, Ghaziabad. 12.04 8.43 2926 9363 Yes
19 Gaur City 7th Avenue Noida Ext Sector 4 8.87 6.21 2995 9584 Yes
20 Supertech Eco Village Sector-1, Greater Noida 50.00 41.00 3000 9600 Yes
21 Prateek Grand City Siddharth Vihar, Ghaziabad 40.00 30.00 3500 11200 Yes
22 Panchsheel Greens 2 Sector-16, Greater Noida 26.00 15.60 4216 13491 Yes
DETAILS OF GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES

47. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.5. WATER SUPPLY DEMAND, SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION
FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS HAVE BEEN MADE WHILE DOING THE DATA ANALYSIS
(a) 80% OF THE FLATS ARE OCCUPIED
(b) EACH FLAT HAS FOUR RESIDENTS
(c) FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT FOR DOMESTIC USES IS TAKEN AS 180 LITRES PER DAY PER PERSON (BIS
CODE 2016 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2016)
(d) ADDITIONAL 10% FRESH WATER IS CONSIDERED FOR MAINTENANCE OF COMMON AREA /
ARBORICULTURE / SWIMMING POOL ETC.
(e) 80% OF THE FRESH WATER SUPPLIED FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSE ASSUME TO TAKEN AS SEWAGE
(f) SOLID WASTE GENERATION IS TAKEN AS 0.5 KG PER DAY PER PERSON (AS PER CPCB GUIDELINES)

48. S.no Name of the complex
Fresh water requirement
per day @ 180 lts per
person per day
Fresh water per day for
common area @ 10% for
common areas
Total Fresh water
requirement in KLD
Sewage generated per day @ of
80% of water supply to house
hold in KLD
Solid waste generation
@0.5 kg per person per
day in MT
1 Icon Apartment 146304 14630.4 160.93 117.04 0.41
2 Omaxe Forest Spa 186624 18662.4 205.29 149.30 0.52
3 UGCC Burgundy 259200 25920 285.12 207.36 0.72
4 M2K Victoria Gardens 288000 28800 316.80 230.40 0.80
5 M3M Merlin 293760 29376 323.14 235.01 0.82
6 Prateek Stylome 334080 33408 367.49 267.26 0.93
7 Arihant Ambar 359424 35942.4 395.37 287.54 1.00
8 Raheja Revanta 409536 40953.6 450.49 327.63 1.14
9 Anthem French Apartments 633600 63360 696.96 506.88 1.76
10 ATS Homekraft 713664 71366.4 785.03 570.93 1.98
11 Panchsheel Hynish 756864 75686.4 832.55 605.49 2.10
12 Fusion Homes 849600 84960 934.56 679.68 2.36
13 Saya Gold Avenue 933120 93312 1026.43 746.50 2.59
14 Nirala Estate 1122048 112204.8 1234.25 897.64 3.12
15 Amrapali Sapphire 1348416 134841.6 1483.26 1078.73 3.75
16 Gurjinder Vihar 1625472 162547.2 1788.02 1300.38 4.52
17 DLF Capital Greens 1641600 164160 1805.76 1313.28 4.56
18 Gaurs Siddhartham 1685376 168537.6 1853.91 1348.30 4.68
19 Gaur City 7th Avenue 1725120 172512 1897.63 1380.10 4.79
20 Supertech Eco Village 1728000 172800 1900.80 1382.40 4.80
21 Prateek Grand City 2016000 201600 2217.60 1612.80 5.60
22 Panchsheel Greens 2 2428416 242841.6 2671.26 1942.73 6.75
FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT, SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION PER DAY

49. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.6. MARKET SURVEY FOR PRODUCTS AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT DECENTRALIZATION
 THE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY AGENCY IN BENGALURU MANDATED APARTMENT COMPLEXES ABOVE
A CERTAIN SIZE TO INSTALL STPs AND REUSE 100% OF THEIR WASTEWATER.
 THIS RESULTED IN THE INSTALLATION OF MORE THAN 2200 ON-SITE STPS IN BANGALORE CITY.
 NCR FACE THE SAME PROBLEM, BENGALURU TEMPLATE CAN BE APPLIED TO NCR CITIES.
 IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND TECHNICAL & FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY AND CHECK AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE
PRODUCTS, A SAMPLE MEDIUM SIZE SOCIETY COMPRISING 580 FLATS IN SECTOR 45 OF NOIDA IS SELECTED.
 THIS SOCIETY NEEDS 368 KLD FRESH WATER AND GENERATES 268 KLD SEWAGE.
 BASED ON ABOVE STATISTICS, TECHNO-COMMERCIAL ENQUIRY WAS INITIATED ON INDIA-MART AND
OTHER SIMILAR PLATFORMS.

50. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.6. MARKET SURVEY FOR PRODUCTS AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT DECENTRALIZATION
FOLLOWING RESPONCES RECEIVED
S. NO NAME OF AGENCY QUOTATION PROVIDED / NOT PROVIDED
1 VENTILAIR ENGINEERS, NEW DELHI TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED
2
DIPRA ENTERPRISES
GAUTAM BUDH NAGAR, TECH LITERATURE PROVIDED
3 WATWA ENGINEERS PRIVATE LIMITED, BAREILLY TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED
4 GARRYSON ENVIROTECH, LUDHIANA TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED
5 CERMOSIS ENVIRONMENT (OPC) PRIVATE LIMITED, CHENNAI TECH LITERATURE PROVIDED
6
DESIRE SOLUTIONS & SERVICES
NEW DELHI
TECH LITERATURE PROVIDED
7 PORTICO ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, PUNE TECH LITERATURE PROVIDED
8 CHOUDHARY ENVIRO EQUIPMENT, DELHI TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED
9 SHUBHAM INDIA TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED
10 EROS ENVIROTECH PRIVATE LTD, LUDHIANA TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED
11 R.S. TECHNOLOGIES, FARIDABAD TECH-COMMERCIAL BID PROVIDED

51. S. NO NAME OF AGENCY CAPACITY
TECHNOLOGY
USED
COST SPACE REQUIREMENT
1 VENTILAIR ENGINEERS 100M3 TO 2500M3 PER DAY
MBR , MBBR 2.6 LAKH TO 7.0
LAKH
MODULAR
2 WATWA ENGINEERS 50M3 PER DAY MBBR 10 LAKHS
9M X 5M PER UNIT
(MODULAR)
3 GARRYSON ENVIROTECH 175 KL/DAY TO 350 KL/DAY MBBR
15.90 LAKH TO
26.76 LAKH
10M X 7 M RCC
4 CHOUDHARY ENVIRO 200M3/DAY MBBR 2.15 LAKH MODULAR
5 SHUBHAM INDIA 10M3 TO 1000M3 PER DAY MBBR
STARTS FROM 5.0
LAKH
MODULAR
6
EROS ENVIROTECH PRIVATE
LTD
10M3 TO 1000M3 PER DAY MBBR
3.5 LAKH TO 10
LAKH
MODULAR
7 R.S. TECHNOLOGIES 100M3 500 M3 PER DAY MBBR
2.00 LAKH TO 6.00
LAKH
MODULAR / RCC
PRODUCT COMPARISON : STPs
MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) IS A PROCESS THAT COMBINES A MEMBRANE
ULTRA / MICRO FILTRATION PROCESS AND ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
SPECIAL PLASTIC CARRIERS: THEY PROVIDE A SURFACE FOR BIOFILM GROWTH.
CARRIER MATERIALS ARE MADE OF MATERIALS WITH A DENSITY CLOSE TO THAT
OF WATER (1G/CM3) AN EXAMPLE IS HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) WITH
A DENSITY OF 0.9G/CM3. THESE CARRIERS ARE MOVED IN THE TANK THROUGH
THE AERATION SYSTEM. THIS ENSURES GOOD CONTACT BETWEEN THE
WASTEWATER AND THE BIOMASS ON THE CARRIERS.
MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR(MBBR)
AERATION TANK: THE TANK IS SIMILAR TO AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE TANK. THE
AERATION IS USED TO KEEP IN MOTION THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE AND
CARRIERS

52. S.NO PARAMETERS UNIT INLET OUTLET
1 pH 7-8 6-8.5
2 B.O.D mg/ltr 250 <30
3 C.O.D. mg/ltr 425 <100
4
TOTAL SUSPENDED
SOLIDS
mg/ltr 375 <20
5 OIL AND GREASE mg/ltr <10
COMMON PARAMETERS AS PER CPCB NORMS

53. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED
APPROACH
 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE UP-STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD AND NOIDA AUTHORITY ORDERS, IT IS
NOW MANDATORY FOR ALL GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES, HAVING MORE THAN 20 HOUSES TO HAVE
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
 RELEASING RAW SEWAGE INTO THE CENTRAL SEWAGE SYSTEM IS NOW A PUNISHABLE OFFENCE UNDER
WATER CONSERVATION ACT, 1976.
 A MEDIUM SIZE SAMPLE SOCIETY COMPRISING OF 580 FLATS WAS SELECTED TO CARRY OUT THE
FEASIBILITY STUDY . THE SOCIETY HAS FOLLOWING STATISTICS
NUMBER OF FLATS 580
RESIDENTS 1856
PLOT SIZE 8.00 acers
OPEN AREA 6.80 acers
FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT 368 KLD
SEWAGE GENERATION 268 KLD
SOLID WASTE GENERATION / DAY 1.00 MT
COMPONENT OF ORGANIC WASTE 0.60 MT

54. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED
APPROACH
 WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY – SOCIETY HAS A SEGREGATION FACILITY WHERE ORGANIC WASTE AND
OTHER WASTE ARE SEGREGATED.
 ORGANIC WASTE IS CONVERTED INTO COMPOST BY USING A MECHANICAL COMPOST MAKING MACHINE,
IN A CYCLE OF 24 HRS. AND USED FOR SOCIETY ARBORICULTURE.
 THERE IS NO SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, SEWAGE IS RELEASED INTO THE CENTRAL SEWAGE SYSTEM.
 SOCIETY HAS A BASEMENT, PRIMARILY USED FOR PARKING. BASEMENT ALSO HOUSES INTERNAL WATER
SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE UNDERGROUND WATER TANK, PUMPING AND CONTROL STATION.
 THE SEWAGE AND WASTE WATER STACK PIPES ARE TERMINATING IN THE BASEMENT. THE UNTREATED
SEWAGE AND WASTE WATER IS RELEASED INTO THE CENTRAL SEWAGE LINE

56. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7. SCOPE FOR DECENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
OPTION -1
(i) SOCIETY CAN OPT FOR OVER GROUND STPs. STP CAN BE
MODULAR OR TRADITIONAL RCC
(ii) SPACE AVAILABLE FOR STP IS AT POCKET-1 AND POCKET-2
(iii) A SINGLE PLANT OF 300 KLD CAPACITY OR TWO PLANTS OF 150
KLD EACH CAN BE CONSIDERED.
(iv) A SINGLE STP WILL BE MORE ECONOMICAL AS COMPARED TO TWO
STPS OF SMALLER CAPACITIES.
(v) INSTALLATION MAY BE TIME CONSUMING
(vi) SUITABLE ADDITION ALTERATION NEEDS TO BE DONE IN THE
EXISTING SEWAGE COLLECTION LINES.
(vii) OPEN STP MAY COMPROMISE THE AESTHETICS OF THE SOCIETY
OPTION -2
(i) A MODULAR STP TO BE INSTALLED IN THE BASEMENT. STP SHOULD BE
LOCATED UNDER THE DRIVEWAY, PLAY AREA, OR CLUBHOUSES, AND FAR
AWAY FROM THE RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS .
(ii) SMALL CAPACITY STPS OF 50 KLD/100 KLD CAPACITY CAN BE INSTALLED
IN THE BASEMENT AFTER DULY CLUBBING THE TOWERS.
(iii) INSTALLATION OF SMALLER CAPACITY STPS WILL HIKE THE FINANCIAL
EFFECT.
(iv) INSTALLATION WILL BE EASY AS MODULAR UNITS ARE READY TO USE.
(v) MORE NUMBERS OF SMALL UNITS WILL HAVE BETTER EFFICIENCY AND
REDUNDANCY
(vi) STPs CAN BE DOVETAILED WITH THE EXISTING SEWAGE STACK PIPES
(vii) STPs INSTALLED IN THE BASEMENT MAY HAVE SOME HUMMING /
VIBRATION RELATED ISSUES.

57. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7. SOCIAL APPREHENSION FOR REUSE OF TREATED WATER
IRRESPECTIVE OF QUALITY OF TREATED WATER OBTAINED FROM THE STPS, REUSE OF SEWAGE TREATED
WATER HAS AN ASSOCIATED SOCIAL STIGMA IN INDIAN SOCIETY
AS PER CPCB GUIDELINE, STP TREATED WATER MEETING THE DESIRED STANDARDS CAN BE USED FOR
FOLLOWING PURPOSE:
(a) TOILET FLUSHING PURPOSES WITH DUAL PLUMBING SYSTEM
(b) ARBORICULTURE PURPOSE
(c) FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE
(d) TREATED WATER CAN BE STORED IN OPEN PONDS, IT WILL HELP IN RECHARGING GROUNDWATER.

58. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7. COMMUNITY BASED SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION AND DISPOSAL
 NOIDA MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AND VARIOUS OTHER ULBs
IN NCR HAVE ALREADY PASSED THE REGULATIONS FOR
SEGREGATION OF SOLID WASTE AT SOURCE
 ULBs ALSO ENCOURAGE DISPOSAL OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE AT SOURCE
 A SIZABLE NUMBER OF SOCIETIES HAVE STARTED
SEGREGATING ITS SOLID WASTE AT SOURCE. FEW OF THE
RESIDENTIAL SOCIETIES HAVE EVEN STARTED COMPOSTING
ITS DEGRADABLE WASTE BY INSTALLING SMALL MECHANICAL
PLANTS
 MECHANICAL BIO WASTE TO COMPOST CONVERTER,
CONVERT THE BIO WASTE IN COMPOST IN A CYCLE OF 18 TO
24 HOURS AND REDUCE THE FEED BY WEIGHT UP TO 80-85%.
(ORGANIC
WASTE
CONVERTER)
MACHINE
SIZE IN
FT
L X B X H
POWER
IN H.P
WEIGHT
KG
APPX
COST IN
LAKH
25KG/DAY 4 X 4.5 X
4.5
1 600 2.10
50KG/DAY 5 X 5 X 5 2-3 900 3.45
100KG/DAY 5 X 5 X 5 2-3 950 4.66
150KG/DAY 5.5 X 5 X 5 2-3 1050 5.20
200KG/DAY 5.5 X 5 X 5 3-5 1100 6.45
250KG/DAY 6 X 5 X 5 3-5 1150 6.70
500KG/DAY 6 X 5.5 X
5.5
5-10 1400 9.80
750KG/DAY 6 X 5.5 X 6 5-10 1500 11.70
1000KG/DAY 6.5 X 6 X 6 10-15 2100 13.59
2000KG/DAY 10 X 6 X 7 20-25 2800

59. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
DECENTRALIZED APPROACH FOR SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL WILL HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
(a) MORE THAN 90% OF THE SEWAGE CAN BE TREATED
(b) TREATED WATER CAN BE REUSED AS PER CPCB NORMS
(c) REDUCE FRESH WATER SUPPLY STRESS
(d) SURPLUS TREATED WATER CAN BE CHANNELIZED IN TO LOCAL WATER BODIES, IT WILL HELP IN GROUND WATER
MANAGEMENT
(e) POLLUTION LEVEL OF URBAN SURFACE BODIES CAN BE EFFECTIVELY REDUCED.
(f) LOAD ON CENTRAL SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES WILL BE REDUCED AND WILL MAKE THEM MORE EFFICIENT.
(g) 40-50 % LOAD REDUCTION ON LANDFILL SITES

60. MITIGATION
• STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY ULBs
• DEVELOPMENT OF GRID BASED WATER BODIES WITH CO-LOCATED STPs
• INCENTIVE FOR DECENTRALIZED DISPOSAL OF WASTE
• ENCOURAGE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND SOCIAL AWARENESS
• TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE – MBBR BASED MODULAR STPS , ORGANIC
WASTE TO COMPOST CONVERTERS

61. CHAPTER-7: MITIGATION
STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY URBAN LOCAL BODIES 1.COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE TO ADOPT
DECENTRALIZED APPROACH
1.RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND GROUND
WATER RECHARGE
1.MITIGATION

62. MITIGATION
7.2. STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY ULBs
ALL GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES TO LOCALLY TREAT SEWAGE AND OTHER SOLID WASTE .
(a) INCENTIVE TO BE GIVEN TO THE SOCIETY IN TERMS OF POWER TARIFF WHO ESTABLISH AND OPERATE THEIR OWN
STPs.
(b) INCENTIVES CAN ALSO BE GIVEN IN TERMS OF FRESH WATER CREDIT, IF A SOCIETY IS RELEASING TREATED WATER INTO
SEWAGE, AT LEAST 50% OF THE TREATED WATER RELEASED IN THE SEWAGE IS GIVEN AS FRESH WATER CREDIT.
(c) STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF FSSM (Faecal Sludge and Septage Management) NORMS AND PENALTY ON VIOLATIONS
(d) REUSE OF TREATED SEWAGE WATER FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGES OR FOR OTHER THAN DOMESTIC USES SUCH AS
ARBORICULTURE, WASHING, FLUSHING ETC.
(e) MAXIMUM REUSE OF TREATED SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER.

63. MITIGATION
7.2. STEPS TO BE TAKEN BY ULBs
g) ULBs MAY DEVELOP, AS PART OF OVERALL TOWN PLANNING, A LOCAL WATER BODY ALONG WITH A STP OF SUITABLE
CAPACITY, IN A GRID OF 5 X 5 KM WHEREVER POSSIBLE IN HIGH DENSE POPULATION POCKETS SUCH AS OLD
LOCALITIES, SLUMS ETC.
h) THE SEWAGE SYSTEM OF THE LOCALITY IS TO BE MODIFIED SO AS TO DIVERT SEWAGE GENERATED IN THE GRID TO
STP.
i) TREATED WATER FROM THE STP WILL BE RELEASED INTO THE WATER BODY.
j) THIS WILL CUT DOWN THE HAULAGE COST OF SEWAGE, TO FAR AWAY LOCATED STPS. THIS WATER BODY WILL NOT
ONLY ACT AS A BUFFER FOR WATER SUPPLY BUT ALSO RECHARGE THE GROUNDWATER .
k) SUCH WATER BODIES TO BE FEED THROUGH THE TREATED SEWAGE WATER, AS BEING DONE IN NCT DELHI (HAUZ KHAS
LAKE AND SANJAY VAN LAKE ARE BEING FEED THROUGH TREATED SEWAGE WATER FROM NEIGHBOURING STPs)

64. MITIGATION
7.3. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
 ULBs HAVE TO LAUNCH A SOCIAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN.
 COMMUNITY AWARENESS AND INCENTIVES BY THE ULBS IN TANDEM WILL YIELD THE DESIRABLE
RESULTS.
 THERE ARE NUMEROUS TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR THE ADOPTION OF DECENTRALIZED
APPROACHES.
 MBBR TECHNOLOGY BASED MODULAR OR CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT PLANTS OF VARYING CAPACITY
ARE BEING WIDELY USED.

65. MITIGATION
7.4. TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE
CLOSED STP
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT WHICH IS OPENED OR
PARTIALLY CLOSED IS NOT RECOMMENDED
FOR APARTMENTS OR RESIDENTS IN DENSELY
POPULATED AREAS
FOR SMALL RESIDENTIAL UNITS, A COMPLETELY SEALED
PACKAGE UNIT IS RECOMMENDED.
MODULAR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
 BASED ON MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR
TECHNOLOGY
 EASY TO INSTALL AND USE
 COMPACT AND COST EFFECTIVE

66. S.NO FLOW M3/DAY APPROX. AREA EFFLUENT
DISCHARGE LIMIT
POWER CONSUMPTION
PER DAY (KWH)
1 100 M3/DAY 15 M2 BOD< 10 90
2 250 M3/DAY 20 M2 -DO- 115
3 500 M3/DAY 30 M2 -DO- 225
4 750 M3/DAY 45M2 -DO- 250
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MODULAR STPs

67. MITIGATION
7.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DECENTRALISED SYSTEMS
TO PROPAGATE THE CONCEPT OF DECENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN THE COUNTRY, CENTRAL POLLUTION
CONTROL BOARD’S RECOMMENDATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS.
a) POLICY AND RULES FOR PROMOTING DECENTRALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM (DTS)
 EMPHASIS ON LOCALISED SEWAGE TREATMENT AND REUSE OF TREATED WASTER
 DTS ( DECENTRALISED TREATMENT SYSTEM) AND STPS TO BE MADE MANDATORY
 DTS TO FORM PART OF TOWN PLANNING
b) ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR DTS
c) TECHNOLOGY AND OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
 RESOURCE RECOVERY LIKE ENERGY SHOULD BE PART OF TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE THE SYSTEM SUSTAINABLE
 POLLUTERS PAY PRINCIPLE ‘SHOULD BE ADOPTED FOR O & M OF THE TREATMENT PLANTS

68. MITIGATION
7.5. RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE
DECENTRALISED APPROACH COUPLED WITH EMPHASIS ON RAIN WATER
HARVESTING AND RECHARGING OF GROUND WATER AT GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES
LEVEL, WILL MAKE THEM INDEPENDENT ENTITIES IN TERMS OF FRESH WATER AND
SEWAGE DISPOSAL. EFFORTS HAVE TO MADE AT ULBS LEVEL TO GIVE INCENTIVES TO
THE SOCIETIES ADOPTING ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY APPROACH.

69. SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
 ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR SEWAGE DISPOSAL
EXTRACTION OF METHANE FROM SEWAGE
EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
 SEPARATION OF GREY & BLACK WASTEWATER AND REUSE
 ADOPTION OF NEW DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY FOR TOILET

70. CHAPTER-8: SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
1.SEPARATION OF GREY & BLACK
WASTEWATER AND REUSE
ADOPTION OF NEW DESIGN AND
TECHNOLOGY FOR TOILET
EXTRACTION OF METHANE FROM SEWAGE
EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE
SCOPE FOR FURTHER
STUDIES

71. SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDIES
ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR SEWAGE
DISPOSAL
 EXTRACTION OF METHANE FROM SEWAGE
 EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM SEWAGE
 COMPOSTING / ORGANIC FURTILIZER
SEPARATION OF GRAY & BLACK WASTEWATER AND
REUSE
 TWO STACK SYSTEM
 PLUMBING DESING CHANGE TO ACCOMMODATE
REUSE OF TREATED WATER
ADOPTION OF NEW DESIGN AND
TECHNOLOGY FOR TOILET
 COMPOSTING TOILET
 WATERLESS TOILET
 PRESSURE-ASSIST TOILETS
 VACUUM-ASSIST TOILETS

72. CONCLUSION
• THE MAIN IMPACT OF OVERCROWDING OF CITIES IS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. RAMPART POLLUTION HAS
STARTED ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE LIFE OF HUMAN BEING AND FLORA AND FAUNA.
• SURFACE WATER BODIES ARE CONTAMINATED DUE TO DUMPING OF UNTREATED SEWAGE, GROUND
WATER IS BEING CONTAMINATED DUE TO LEACHATE FROM OVER FLOWING LANDFILLS.
• IT IS ACT NOW OR NEVER SITUATION. ULBs HAVE TO ACT NOW TO ENSURE THAT THE CITIES REMAIN
HABITABLE.

73. 25-03-2023 75

74. Moving bed biofilm reactor
• MBBR wastewater treatment system enables efficient results of the
disposal using low energy. The technology is used to separate organic
substances, nitrification and denitrification. MBBR design is made of an
activated sludge aeration system. The sludge is collected on the plastic
carriers which have a large internal surface area. The surface area in the
carriers optimizes the contact of water, air, and the bacteria.
• MBBR activated sludge is the application of MBBR media to an overloaded
treatment plant when upgrading.
• MBBR is applicable to the different quality of wastewater treatment. The
application is determined by the desired results and regulations controlling
discharge. The system can be of more than one stage depending on
specific needs. The stages are made of individual tanks separated by
screens to ensure that bacteria remain in their specific tank.

75. Moving bed biofilm reactor
• MBBR Media Used in Wastewater Treatment
• Aeration tank: The tank is similar to an activated sludge tank. The
aeration is used to keep in motion the activated sludge and carriers.
The MBBR system separates the excess bacteria and sludge which
are directed to the final separator.
• Special plastic carriers: They provide a surface for biofilm growth.
Carrier materials are made of materials with a density close to that
of water (1g/cm3) an example is high-density polyethylene (HDPE)
with a density of 0.9g/cm3. These carriers are moved in the tank
through the aeration system. This ensures good contact between the
wastewater and the biomass on the carriers.

76. Moving bed biofilm reactor
• Benefits of MBBR Technology
• Saving of space due to its compactness
• Easy to maintain
• Good for a high volume of load
• Extension and expanding are easy. This made possible by increasing the filling degree of carriers.
• Lower discharge costs
• MBBR is not affected by toxic shock
• Independent process performance because there is no return line for sludge; the MBBR eliminates
the return activated sludge (RAS)
• It has high effectiveness of sludge retention time (SRT) which enhances the nitrification process
• Production of sludge is lower
• It does not need recycling of the sludge-like activated sludge system
• MBBR media is installed to retrofit existing activated sludge tanks in order to increase its capacity