S3 SS Slides - Managing Peace & Security

Managing Peace & Security:
Deterrence & Diplomacy
Chapter 6
(pg 155 – end of tb!)
Hang in there!
Last chapter of the year!

Overview of chapter –
What you will be learning
(A) What causes international conflicts
(B) Singapore uses a 2-pronged approach
to ensure its national security
#1.
Deterrence
#2.
Diplomacy

What do you
think countries
fight over?
What would makecountries go to warwith another
country?

Country wants to protect
their national interests
Country does not agree with
another country on issues
Control over territories
Allocation of scarce resources
Ideological beliefs
1.1 Why do conﬂicts !
occur among countries?
Eg.
independence,
sovereignty,
economic devt

i. Competing for territory
Why compete?
² To gain control over land that is
important to the country’s
defence & national pride
² To extend their control & power
by taking over other territories

Eg. Conflict
along
China-India
border
i. Competing for territory

India gained independence
from Britain.
India inherited the border
drawn by the British.
BUT, China did not agree to it.
1947

Aksai Chin Plateau
North East Frontier
Agency (NEFA)

China began to
contest India’s presence
along the India-China border.
1947 Late
1950s

China announced that they built a
road on the Aksai Chin Plateau.
Angry India protested that China
had violated its territorial rights.
1947 Late
1950s 1958

Fighting broke out on the Aksai
Chin plateau & in NEFA.
1947 1958 1959Late
1950s

China occupied more territories.
India wanted these territories back
from China.
China refused.
1947 1958 1959Late
1950s
Mid
1961

War broke out between
India and China.
1947 1958Late
1950s
Mid
1961
1959
1962

India & China signed an
agreement to resolve their
conflict fairly.
1947 1958Late
1950s
Mid
1961
1959 1962
2005

TIMELINE Events (India-China conflict)
1947 India gained independence from Britain
Late 1950s China contested India’s presence in several
places along their border
1958 China announced building of Aksai Chin Road
1959 Rising tension between India & China
Mid 1961 China occupied more territories which India
regarded as its own
1962 War between India & China
2005 India & China signed an agreement
Competing for territory
along China-India border

ii. Competing over scarce
resources
Eg.
Iceland
vs
Britain

Iceland
79% of its exports consists of fish
products.
Hence, fish is vital to Iceland’s
economy.

Britain, Belgium & Germany were
overfishing around Iceland.
Caused fish stocks to
decrease greatly.
Iceland sought help from UN.
1970s

Iceland extended its control over
fishing grounds from 50 to 200
nautical miles from its shore.
1970s
1975

But Britain
refused to
acknowledge
this.
Iceland

Iceland cut its diplomatic ties
with Britain
1970s 1975
Feb
1976

Iceland and Britain signed an
agreement to resolve their conflict
over fishing grounds.
1970s 1975 Feb
1976
Jun
1976

Agreement between Iceland & Britain
(June 1976)
Ø Britain to catch a fixed amount of fish with a
maximum of 24 trawlers within the boundary at any
one time.
Ø Iceland’s patrol vessel can stop and inspect British
trawlers suspected of violating the agreement.
Ø This agreement lasts for six months and after that,
Britain has no more right to fish within the boundary.
1970s 1975 Feb
1976
Jun
1976

TIMELINE Events (Iceland-Britain conflict)
1970s Fish stocks around Iceland decreased due to
overfishing by other countries (eg. Germany,
Belgium & Britain).
1970s Iceland asked UN for help but was ignored.
1975 Iceland took matters into its own hands:
•  Extended its zone of control from 50 to 200
nautical miles.
•  Other European countries complied, but Britain
refused to comply.
Feb 1976 Iceland cut off diplomatic ties with Britain.
June 1976 Ties restored between both countries.
Competing for scarce resources
between Iceland & Britain

iii. Competing over ideological
differences
Eg.
North Korea
vs
South Korea

Communism vs Democracy
Democracy (USA)
1.  System that believes
in political freedom –
people choose their
leaders through
elections.
2.  Individuals more
important than
society.
3.  System allows for
creation of wealth
(Capitalism).
Communism (Russia)
1.  System that does not
give freedom to
people. No voting
rights. Leaders
appointed by state.
2.  Society more
important than
individuals.
3.  System believes in
equality for all –
nobody is supposed to
be wealthy.

After Japan was defeated in WWII,
Korea divided into:
North Korea & South Korea
@ the 38th parallel.
1945

38th Parallel
Supported by communist USSR
Supported by democratic USA

UN called for a meeting to unite
Korea under one government.
But the USSR refused and installed
their own communist government
in North Korea.
1945
1947

USSR
installed
communist
regime
38th Parallel
Called Democratic
People’s Republic
of Korea

On the other hand,
the USA helped South Korea
form the Republic of Korea.
1945 1947
1948

USA helped South
Korea form the
Republic of Korea
38th Parallel

NORTH
KOREA
SOUTH
KOREA
Supporter The USSR The USA
Ideology Communist Democratic
Formed Democratic
People’s Republic
of Korea
Republic of
Korea
1945 1947 1948
Tensions between N & S Korea grew

19501945 1947 1948
North Korea invaded South Korea
to unite Korea under communism.
In response,
the USA & UN defended South Korea
because it did not want
communism to spread.

N Korea
(communist)
invaded
S Korea
USA & UN
(democratic)
defended S Korea
38th Parallel

19501945 1947 1948
China joined the war
because they feared that their
national interests would be threatened.
1951

N Korea
(communist)
invaded
S Korea
USA & UN
(democratic)
defended S Korea
38th Parallel
Joined war

1945 1947 1948
N & S Korea signed agreement to
stop fighting.
A demilitarized zone was created.
1953
19511950

N Korea
(communist)
S Korea
(democratic)
38th Parallel Demilitarized
zone

TIMELINE Events (N. Korea & S. Korea conflict)
1945 Korea divided into North Korea & South Korea
@ the 38th parallel.
1947 UN called for an election to establish single govt.
•  USSR (communist) refused and installed communist regime in
N Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) instead.
1948 USA (democratic) helped S Korea form the Republic of Korea.
1950 N Korea invaded S Korea to unite both Koreas under communism.
•  USA & UN helped defend S Korea for fear that communist
ideology will spread to S Korea.
•  UN troops pushed N Korean & Chinese troops back to the
38th parallel.
1951 China joined the war: helped N Korea push UN troops back into
S Korea.
1953 N & S Korea signed agreement to stop fighting.
A demilitarized zone was created.
Conflicting ideologies
between North & South Korea

COMMON TEST
When? Week 8
What? SBQ and SEQ
Topic? Sri Lanka Conflict

Recap of section A –
What you have learnt thus far:
What causes
international
conflicts?
(eg. India-China
Border)
(eg. Iceland &
Britain fishing
grounds)
(eg. communist
North Korea &
democratic South
Korea)
ii. Conflict
over
resources
iii. Conflict over
ideological
differences
i. Conflict
over
territory

Moving on to section B –
What you will be learning:
(B) How does Singapore manage conflict
& ensure national security?
#1.
Deterrence
#2.
Diplomacy
Singapore uses a 2-pronged approach

2. How does SG manage conﬂict !
2.1 What is deterrence?
To deter means to prevent.
•  Deterrence refers to measures taken
by countries to prevent and protect
themselves from threats.
•  Threats can be from countries or
terrorists (ie. external threats).

Measures taken by SG to deter aggressors
Maintaining
military
installations

Carrying
out military
exercises

Sharing
information
among
countries

Installing
CCTVs

Carrying
out military
exercises
Installing
CCTVs
Sharing
information
among
countries
Maintaining
military
installations

2.2 Why is deterrence necessary?
(a) Singapore had negative
experiences during the
Japanese Occupation &
Indonesian Confrontation
à This made the Singapore
government realise the importance
of being militarily self-reliant.

(b) Singapore felt insecure esp when
the British withdrew their military
forces in 1966.
à Thus, SG set up own army to
give people a sense of security.

(c) Singapore govt set up own army to
build an image of a safe & secure
country
à This would then attract &
retain foreign investors.

1 Security
& peace
2 Economic
progress
people’s lives, families, property etc will
not be be damaged/come under threat
people will feel safe
where they live & work
people can concentrate on their work
Improve overall productivity
Creates jobs,
sustain incomes,
increase SOL
Tourist influx +
Tourism revenue
Inflow of foreign
investments
Individual level
National level

2.3 How SG practices deterrence
Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
NS / Operationally ready NS meni) A citizen armed force

The Army
Republic of Singapore
Air Force (RSAF)
Republic of Singapore
Navy (RSN)
Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
NS / Operationally ready NS meni) A citizen armed force

i) A citizen armed force
ii) 3rd Generation SG Armed Forces
Create intelligent
defence force &
strike systems

Create intelligent
defence force &
strike systems
Some
of

Singapore’s
own

inventions:

Lightweight

Howitzer

(Pegasus)

Create intelligent
defence force &
strike systems
Some
of

Singapore’s
own

inventions:

Light
armoured

vehicle,
the

Bionix

Create intelligent
defence force &
strike systems
Some
of

Singapore’s
own

inventions:

Apache

Longbow

Helicopter

iii) Singapore’s defence industry Chartered Industries
of Singapore (CIS)
Defence Science and
Technology (DSTA)

iii) Singapore’s defence industry
iv) Total Defence
Civil Defence
Economic Defence
Social Defence
Psychological Defence
Military Defence

•  Knowing what to do during civil emergencies
•  EG. When Hotel New World collapsed in 1986, the Singapore
Civil Defence Force and trained SG volunteers risked their
lives to help in the rescue effort (saved 17 lives)
Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(b) Economic
defence
(c) Social
defence
(d) Psychological
defence
(e) Military
defence
(a) Civil defence

•  Knowing what to do during civil emergencies
•  EG. When Hotel New World collapsed in 1986, the Singapore
Civil Defence Force and trained SG volunteers risked their
lives to help in the rescue effort (saved 17 lives)
Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(b) Economic
defence
(c) Social
defence
(d) Psychological
defence
(e) Military
defence
(a) Civil defence
E.g.
Collapse
of
Hotel
New
World

(opposite
Mustafa
Centre)
in
1986
E.g.
Collapse
of
Nicoll
Highway
in
2004

Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(b) Economic
defence
(c) Social
defence
(d) Psychological
defence
(e) Military
defence
•  To meet the changing demands of today’s economy,
Singaporeans constantly need to upgrade their skills to stay
relevant in the job market.
•  EG. The Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) works
together with other agencies (eg. labour unions & professional
associations) to help upgrade the skills of existing workers.
•   This enable industries in SG to remain competitive & relevant.

Social cohesion
A cohesive society that works towards
the well-being of all its members,
fights exclusion and marginalisation,
creates a sense of belonging,
promotes trust, and
offers its members the opportunity
of upward mobility

Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(c) Social
defence
(d) Psychological
defence
(e) Military
defence
•  EG. Community groups such as the Community Development
Councils (CDCs), schools & the Inter-Racial Confidence Circle
(IRCC) are actively involved in strengthening social ties.
•  They do this through emergency preparedness exercises, visits to
places of worship of different faiths and inter-faith dialogues.
•  This helps to ensure that unity will not be broken during testing
situations (eg. terrorist attacks)

•  Having pride and loyalty and wanting to stand up to defend
Singapore.
•  It is also about having the will and mental strength to
overcome challenges.
•  EG. The SARS period in 2003, was an example of how
ordinary people managed to overcome challenges together
and help each other as a country.
Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(d) Psychological
defence
(e) Military
defence

•  To ensure that Singapore will be able to meet all
kinds of challenges.
•  Our land (SAF), or air defence (RSAF) and navy (RSN)
all ready for combat to defend Singapore and deter
aggression.
Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(e) Military
defence

•  To ensure that Singapore will be able to meet all kinds of
challenges.
•  Our land (SAF), or air defence (RSAF) and navy (RSN) all
ready for combat to defend Singapore and deter aggression.
Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(e) Military
defence

Total
Defence
(CESPM)
(b) Economic
defence
(c) Social
defence
(d) Psychological
defence
(e) Military
defence
(a) Civil defence
Total Defence Day:
Yearly on 15 Feb

iv) Total Defence
v) Multi-agency coordination on security
National Security
Coordination
Secretariat (NSCS)

National Security
Coordination
Secretariat (NSCS)

v) Multi-agency coordination on security National Security
Coordination
Secretariat (NSCS)

iv) Total Defence
vi) Military co-operation with other countries
Bilateral
military
agreements &
exercises
Multi-lateral
military
agreements &
exercises

vi) Military co-operation with other countries
Bilateral
military
agreements &
exercises
Multi-lateral
military
agreements &
exercises

Recap –
What you learnt before the Sep hols:
(B) How does Singapore manage conflict
#1.
Deterrence
#2.
Diplomacy
Singapore uses a 2-pronged approach

3. How does SG manage conﬂict & ensure national security?
3. What is diplomacy?
What is it? It is the way countries
manage or conduct relations with
one another.
•  Think of diplomacy as: Countries
“making friends” with each other

•  How do countries make friends?
Countries usually send their
representatives (aka
d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ) to live in other
countries / conduct negotiations
with other countries.

For what? The aim of diplomacy
is to promote common interests and
to PEACEFULLY resolve conflicting
interests between countries.
•  Peacefully: without having to
go to war with each other

3.1 Why is diplomacy necessary?
Diplomacy enables/provides
opportunities for countries:
•  To pursue mutual interests
•  To cooperate with one another to
solve common problems
•  To resolve conflicts and
disagreements peacefully,
•  To help one another in times of need.

3.2 Types of diplomatic relations
i) Bilateral relations
With Japan, the USA & Germany
(for trading purposes & transfer of
technology)
With Malaysia & Indonesia
(to promote political, economic & cultural
ties/development)
With Vietnam & Nepal
(to help other countries during times of need,
eg. natural disasters)

3.2 How is diplomacy practised in SG?
Bilateral means: involving two
parties, usually countries.
“ best friend / partner ”

Sub factors Necessary information Link: why & how bilateral
relations is beneficial to SG
(1) Bilateral
relations with
more
developed
countries
Partnerships with Japan, the
USA and Germany have
allowed the transfer of
technological skills to SG.
This helped SG to acquire
advanced technological skills
and boosted trade through
improved economic ties with
these countries.

(2) Bilateral
relations with
immediate
neighbours
Diplomatic ties with
Malaysia and Indonesia
allows more cultural, social
and business exchanges
between the people and
government of these
countries and Singapore.
This promotes better
understanding between
Singapore and our
neighbours à Lowers the
likelihood of conflict à
?

(3) Bilateral
relations give
Singapore a
chance to
help
neighbours
in need
During the 2004 Asian
Tsunami, Singapore’s Red
Cross sent medical
assistance and relief
supplies to help the victims
in Indonesia.
Such actions show
Singapore’s willingness to
help its neighbours à
Helped SG earn the goodwill
& trust of these nations à
?

The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN)
technology)
ties/development)
ii) Regional relations

Regional means: involving nations
from the same geographical region
Southeast Asian Region

A case study: SG & the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Quiz!
1)  How many member countries are
there in ASEAN?
2)  Can you name all of them?
3)  Can you match the flags to the
countries?

The FOUNDING members
of ASEAN (in 1967)

The CURRENT members
of ASEAN (by 1999)

Why was ASEAN formed?
•  In the 1960s the SEA region was
undergoing economic, political &
security challenges.
Video_The ASEAN Community by 2015 - YouTube
The purpose of ASEAN?
•  à So, the SEA political leaders saw
the need to create a regional
organisation to maintain stability
and build trust.
Nations (ASEAN)

Singapore’s membership in ASEAN:
✔ SG can gain from economic
development in the region
²  ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
²  Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI)
²  Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP)
Nations (ASEAN)

✔ SG can use ASEAN as a platform to
resolve disputes with other countries
²  Environmental collaboration
²  ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Nations (ASEAN)

Now,
Google about
the ARF.
What are the
OBJECTIVES
of the ARF?

✔ SG can use ASEAN as a platform to
resolve disputes with other countries
²  Environmental collaboration
² ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
² Dialogues between ASEAN countries
Nations (ASEAN)

Southeast Asia
(ASEAN)
Asia
Pacific
(ARF)

✔ SG can have a better capacity to
negotiate with larger states
²  Negotiate with more powerful countries
 eg Japan, China, India, the USA
²  Negotiate with larger regional groupings
 eg. the European Union (EU)
Nations (ASEAN)

C’mon lah
you, small
fry still dare
to talk to me
SG negotiating
with more
powerful
nations

EUSG + ASEAN
SG negotiating
with larger
groupings

Nations (ASEAN)
iii) International relations The United Nations (UN)
technology)
ties/development)

Why was the UN formed?
•  The UN was founded after WWII to
preserve world peace & prevent
another major war.
What are the aims of the UN?
•  What does your tb say?

Singapore’s membership in the UN:
✔ SG benefitted from expertise
offered by the UN
²  SG received advice on
our economic & social
development
²  Dr Albert Winsemius
(an economic expert)

✔ SG’s involvement in the UN Law
of the Sea Conference

✔ SG’s participation in UN
peacekeeping operations
Video_UN Peacekeeping Is (Long Version) - YouTube

✔ SG’s service in the UN Security
Council

ii) Regional relations The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN)
technology)
ties/development)

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