3. Entomology is the study of insect species and
their interaction in forest ecosystems.
its the study of forest insects, particularly those
insects which feed on or do damage to trees or
lumber.
Entomologists study insect biology, life cycles,
and classification, interactions with their host
plants and control/management strategies.
What is entomology ???
4. Entomology’ comes from the Greek word ‘
Entomos’- meaning insects
logy ---meaning study.
Entomology is the study of insects.
Insect is derived from Latin word “insectum”which
means “ cut in to”, which refers to segmented body
Entomologists study the development, anatomy,
physiology, life history, behavior, environment, and
classification of insects.
The impact of insects on society is enormous.
What is Entomology???
5. Entomology classified as; Basic and applied entomology.
Basic entomology is study of insect anatomy (body parts
and organs), Systematic (taxonomy and Phylogenetic),
physiology (growth & development) ecology
(interaction their environment of insects).
Insect anatomy:- study of the external and internal
anatomy of insects
External anatomy is called morphology
Internal anatomy deals with the internal organs of
the insect body
Physiology:- it is close association of the various
organs with essential chemical and physiological
processes.
Fields of Entomology
6. Systematic entomology is consist of taxonomy
&Phylogenetic
its study of the diversity of insects and their
inter-relationships
Insect growth and development entomology
is study of the developmental biology in insects
Study of the cell biology, embryology,
morphology, physiology and molecular biology.
It also defined as metamorphosis
Insect ecology is study the interaction of insects
and their environment
7. Applied Entomology
Applied Entomology:- study of insect in the field which
consider as economic point of view
The following are the important branches of
entomology:-
Agricultural entomology
Medical entomology
Veterinary entomology
Industrial entomology
Forest entomology
Forensic Entomology
8. Agricultural entomology- the study of insects, which are directly related with
the crops and the stored commodities.
Medical entomology- deals with the insects, which are responsible for
transmitting human diseases.
Veterinary entomology- the study of those insects, which may be beneficial
or harmful to the animals.
Industrial entomology- this is concerned with the insects, which are directly
or indirectly related with wood, wool, cloth and the other industrial
materials.
It also includes the study of beneficial insects like honey bee, lac
insect and silkworm.
Forest entomology- the study of insects concerning with forest plantation.
Forensic Entomology- Study and use of insects in crime investigations.
9. Entomology are useful and harmful effects to humans, animals
and plant
Benefit of Entomology
Insect as pollinator–Insect pollinate crops and increases the
yield.
In sect serve as productive insects.
Insects serve as food for birds, fish and other useful animals.
Insect serve as scavengers.
Insect as beneficial insects like Natural enemies.
increase soil fertility by decomposing dead plants and animals.
Weed feeders
Main objectives of study of Entomology
10. Some insects are parasites of animals
Parasites of plants by the construction of nests or
shelters.
Vector of animal and plant diseases
destroy crops and stored food
destroy wooden structures
spoil stored products and other materials
Harmful effects of Entomology
11.
12. Characters of Arthropoda
Segmented body
Paired appendages
Bilateral symmetry
Chitinous exoskeleton
Tubular alimentary system, with mouth & anus
Open circulatory system
Nervous system
Respiration by gills, trachea, or spiracles
Chapter Two
Class of Insect in the Phylum Arthropoda
Relation of Insect with other Arthropods/characters of Arthropoda
13. Arthropods are the most successful phylum based on
species diversity, distribution, and numbers of
individuals.
Classes of Arthropods
Onychophora
Diplopoda
Chilpoda
Symphyla Group Assignment ?????
Crustacea
Arachinda
Insecta
This chapter concern on class of insecta
Classes of Arthropods
15. Onycophora
the common name of Velvet Worms or Walking
Worms
ancient animals
all terrestrial
only found in damp, moist habitats
normally nocturnal
have three pairs of modified legs making up their
head region
The first of these are the two thick stubby antennae.
16. Diplopoda
Millipedes have two pairs of legs on all but the first three
body segments (47-375 leg pairs and 25-189 body segments,
not counting head and tail segment).
Hatch with only 3 pair of legs, and gain more segments
and legs as they molt and grow
Millipedes lack the structures to bite, pinch, or sting, and
are harmless to humans, although the defensive secretions
burn if they get into the eyes.
The body of millipede is more cylindrical slow
moving and unable to bite
17. Chilpoda
Centipedes have only one pair of legs per body segment
The last pair of legs extends backwards behind the body;
they can run fast and can bite.
Centipedes have a head bearing eyes, well developed mouthparts
and one pair of antennae.
The legs of the first body segment are modified into poisonous
jaws and are used for defense as well as for capturing prey.
Centipedes are insectivorous and often feed on other arthropods
as well.
The bodies of centipedes are flat
18. Some characteristics of class Chilopoda and Diplopoda.
They are essentially terrestrial
Have clearly stated head.
Other body segments are all similar.
Contain 1 pair of antennae
Contain 1 pair of mouth parts or jaws.
The eyes may be plain, complex or not present.
19. There are several identical legs, the pair in each
segment in Chilopoda and 2 pairs in every segment in
Diplopoda.
There are no larval forms.
The gaseous exchange is by trachea.
Chilopodans are mostly carnivorous whereas
Diplopodans are mostly herbivorous.
20. Symphyla
Commonly called as garden centipedes or pseudo-
centipedes
Looks similar to centipedes
Terrestrial soil dwelling arthropods
Herbivorous detritus feeders
They are translucent, lack body pigmentation
Body is divided into head and trunk
The trunk consists of 15-22 segments with 10-12 pairs of
walking legs
Juveniles have six pairs of legs
21. Crustacea
- Crayfish, sowbugs
-2 body segments and 5 pairs of legs
Arachnida
- Spiders, ticks, and mites
-2 body segments and 4 pairs of legs
22. Class of Insecta
Insecta means Hexapoda
Insects
belong to Animal kingdom.
The phylum is arthropoda.
The term arthropod is derived from two Greek word
arthros meaning ‘joint’ and
poda meaning ‘leg’
Order belong to insecta (Hexapoda) meaning six legged
All arthropods have jointed legs and external skeleton
(Exoskeleton)
23. insects are the largest phylum of animal
kingdom
In the animal kingdom, insects are covered
75% in the earth
They include animals differing widely in
structures but common on certain fundamental
characteristics.
24. Insects occupy 75% or 2/3rd of total population of
Phylum Arthropoda
What are the unique feature of insect?
Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen
Head bears a pair of antennae,
Three pairs of legs bears in thorax region
one or two pairs of wings in the adult stage
Example- Insects (like house flies, grasshoppers, etc.)
25. Why study insects?
Insects are the dominant group of organisms on earth,
in terms of both taxonomic diversity and ecological
function!
Can you count the ant’s legs?
26. Distinguishing characteristics of insects
Bilaterally symmetrical animals
Metameric segmentation i.e., body of the animal is divided into
a succession
Body is divided into three regions namely Head + Thorax +
Abdomen(11-12 segments).
Majority of the segments posses pair of jointed appendages
Exoskeleton contains chitin secreted by epidermis
Specialized alimentary canal with chitinous teeth
Metamorphosis takes place in the development
No animals exhibit the above combinations of characters.
28. Insects and their relation to humans
Some insects are useful to humans, and harmful to humans
But some others are more or less indifferent to human
beings and their surrounding
Benefit of insects to humans
Pollinators flowers
Some crops depend upon insects for pollination and
fruit setting
Aid in the production of fruits, seeds, vegetables, and
flowers
Improve soil fertility
Some insects increase soil fertility by decomposing
dead plants and animals. e.g. dung beetle, termites, etc.
Improve physical condition of soil and promote
fertility by burrowing.
29. Weed feeders
Some insects are feeder of weeds which consider
as herbicides
Entomophagous insects/Parasites
Many insects destroy other injurious (pest) insects that
attack cultivated crops
Live on or in the bodies of living organisms (hosts)
Host are usually larger and stronger than the parasites
and are not killed
Example: Dragon fly, Preying mantid, Lady bird
beetles, Robber flies and Parasitic wasps of aphids
30. Scavengers
Its consuming bodies of dead animals and plants
Bury carcasses and dung
Ex. Termites, ants and other wood feeding insects
help in the conversion of fallen trees and logs to
soil
Dung beetles hasten the decomposition of dung
Predators
Catch and feed on other creatures (prey)
Ground beetles
Lace wings and lady bugs
Insects producing commercial products
The larvae of Bombyx mori (silk worm) produce
commercial silk fibers.
The honey bees produce honey as well as bee wax.
31. The bee wax is used in the manufacture of
ink, carbon paper, electrical insulators,
sewing threads, and polishes for floor, furniture,
shoe and leather.
Cosmetics which are produced from bees wax
include creams, lotions, lipsticks, etc.
Bee venom is used in the production of
medicines against diseases such as paralysis and
rheumatic disease.
32. Insects served as food
Some insects serve as food for many animals like-
humans, birds, chickens, etc.
Insects act as food for fishes, bird's chickens etc.
In many parts of the world, from ancient times to
present day insects have been eaten extensively by
human beings
The Arabs eaten by locust
In certain parts of Africa: ants, termites, beetle grubs,
caterpillars and grasshoppers are eaten.
33. Useful for Research
Insects are subjects of research
Aesthetic and Entertaining value of insects
Insects like butterflies serve as models for
artists, florists, decorators
Insects with cryptic coloration (Jewel beetles)
are used as ornamentals
Some insects sing songs that are interesting
34. Insects in medicine and surgery
Blow fly larvae are used in treating decaying
tissues (Severe wounds)
Entomologists are kill or at least control insects but
entomology includes the study of many positive aspects
of insects.
Entomologists reported that less than 3 % from all
insects are harmful to humans while others are useful or
neutral groups.
37. Harmful effects of insects
Detrimental Effects of Insects
Some insects are parasites of animals
e.g. Horse fly, Stable fly, Cattle fly
Parasites of plants by the construction of nests or
shelters.
Vector of animal and plant diseases
Some insects destroy crops and stored food
Some insects destroy wooden structures
e.g Termites
38. Insects as parasites of animals.
E.g. blood sucking fleas, bed bugs, lice, etc.
Insects as carriers of animal diseases
E.g.- mosquitoes cause malaria and
- Tsetse fly (Glossing spp)
- Trypanosomiasis in cattle's.
Insects spoil stored products and other materials
Some insects act as house hold pests:
e.g. Ants, Termites, Silver fish, Cockroach, Crickets,
Cloth moths
41. Measures of dominance
1. More number of species
In the animal kingdom more than 85 per cent of the species belongs
to insect group.
2. Large number of individuals in a single species:
e.g., Locust swarm comprising of 109 number of individuals,
occupying large area.
3. Great variety of habitats:
Insects thrive well under varied conditions.
¾ Insects are distributed every where from cooler parts to hottest
tropics.
They live in water, land, air, deserts, high mountains etc.
4. Long geological history:
Insects were known to occupy this earth for more than 350 million
years, which is a good track record.
This has given the insects great variety of adoptions under different
conditions.
Chapter: Three
Dominance of Insects
43. The richness of insects:
LEPIDOPTERA
175,000
ORTHOPTERA
20,000
6/17/2022 9:22 AM 43
Debre Berhan University SGS Plant
Protection
44. Adaptive features for the success of insects
Exoskeleton
Small size
Flight
Hexapod locomotion
Compound eyes
High fecundity
Method of reproduction
Short life cycle
Wide adaptability
Dormancy
Zenith of evolution
45. Exoskeleton:
Insect body is covered with an outer cuticle called
exoskeleton which is made up of a cuticular protein
called Chitin.
It helps to gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to
the insect body.
Its provides for muscle attachment
Its hard area to protects the internal organs from
mechanical injury
It prevents desiccation (Water loss) from the body
46. Small size: It helps to:
Less space for shelter
Less food, and energy requirements for
development and sustaining life.
Energy Utilization maximum.
Less gravitational effect-its help to fly
Muscular action and tracheal respiration
more effective.
Easy escape from enemies.
47. Flight
Insects have functional wings
Insects are the only invertebrates that can fly.
Flight is used for the following purpose.
To seek food, mate, shelter and oviposition sites
To colonize in a new habitat and also to exchange
habitat.
To escape from enemies and unfavorable
conditions.
To migrate (i.e. for long distance travel e.g.
Locusts)
to expand more quickly into new habitats and
exploit new resources.
48. Hexapod locomotion: the presence of three pair legs
on the three thoracic segments, which are important for
locomotion.
Compound eyes: Most of the adult insects and
nymphs consists of compound eyes as visual organs
which possess number of hexagonal units known as
ommatidia.
Because of presence of number of ommatidia which
enhance the power of vision
49. High Reproductive potential
Reproductive potential of insect is high due to the following
reasons:
High fecundity:
Fecundity is defined as the egg laying capacity of female
insects.
It helps to increase the population at faster rate
they produce 100-150 even more than eggs per female.
e.g., Queen termite lays 6000 - 7000 eggs per day for 15 long years.
This enable insects dominates the ecosystem.
50. Development period is short
one generation is completed within a short period of 16 days,
which favors greater genetic changes in the insect population,
like quicker development of insecticide resistant strains
e.g., Corn aphid produces 16 nymphs per female which reaches
the adulthood within 16 days
Short life cycle:
Most of insects have very short life cycle i.e. 2 to 4 weeks which
help insects to complete more number of generations in a definite
period of time
51. Method of reproduction: Insects can reproduce both sexually
as well as parthenogenitically.
Presence of special types reproduction
Polyembryony: Development of many individuals from a
single egg.
e.g. parasitic wasps.
Parthenogenesis: Reproduction without male or without
fertilization,
e.g. aphids
Paedogenesis: Reproduction by immature stages.
e.g. certain flies.
52. Wide adaptability
Adapting quickly in the face of a changing environment.
(high reproductive potential, short life cycles, large and diverse populations)
continually change as new resources appear and old ones
disappear
Some insects occur on mountains peaks
high 6000 meter
Others live in arctic temperature
below -20oc.
tolerate temperatures -48 to 52oc.
They are also well adapted to dry & hot (xerophytic) conditions
of deserts
Pests developed resistance to chemical and biological insecticides
Dormancy
Some insects’ species have arrested development
Occur environmental conditions are unsuitable
such as
seasonal extremes of high or low temperatures
drought.
53. insects have vast diversity of food habits. I.e. they may be monophagous /
oligophagous/ polyphagous insects
Scattered sense organs: The sense organs viz., visual organs, gustatory
organs, organs of touch etc.
distributed on different parts of the body such as antennae, eyes, mouth
parts in the head, legs with claws on thorax, cerci in the abdomen etc.
This scatteredness on all parts of the body prevents the chance of all
being damaged
Zenith of evolution:
It is observed in social insects
Division of labor is seen
They have developed their own dance languages to locate the food
sources