This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints in the human body. It describes the key components and functions of the skin, bones, skeletal muscles, and types of joints. The skin has an epidermis and dermis layer, and contains structures like hair, glands and nails. The skeletal system includes 206 bones divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. Bones are classified by shape and skeletal muscles are organized into fibers. Synovial joints allow various motions and include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

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Branch: B. Pharm.
Semester: I
UNIT: II
Subject: Human Anatomy & Physiology-I
Topic: Integumentary System, Skeletal System and Joints
Dr. Akanksha Mishra
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
University of Lucknow

2. Integumentary System

3. Introduction
• Also known as the cutaneous membrane
• Covers the external surface of the body and is the largest
organ of the body in weight
• The skin consists of two main parts:
✓ Epidermis
✓ Dermis
• Deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin, is the
subcutaneous (subQ) layer (hypodermis)

4. Fig.1: Components of Integumentary System

5. Summary of Epidermal Strata

6. Fig.2: Cells in the Epidermis

7. Fig.3: Layers of the Epidermis

8. Summary of Papillary and Reticular
Regions of the Dermis

9. ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN
• Hair
• Skin glands
• Nails

10. Fig.4: Hair

11. Summary of Skin Glands

12. Fig.5 : Nails

13. Types of Skin

14. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
• Thermoregulation
• Blood Reservoir
• Protection
• Cutaneous Sensations
• Excretion and Absorption
• Synthesis of Vitamin D

15. Skeletal System

16. Introduction
• The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named bones
• Bones of the adult skeleton are grouped into two principal
divisions:
✓ the axial skeleton
✓ the appendicular skeleton (appendic- _ to hang onto)

18. Types of Bones
• Long Bones
• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
• Sutural Bones
Fig.6: Types of Bones based on shape

19. ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Skeletal muscle tissue is so named because most skeletal
muscles move the bones of the skeleton
• Skeletal muscle tissue is striated
• Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary manner
• Each of skeletal muscles is a separate organ composed of
hundreds to thousands of cells, which are called muscle fibers
because of their elongated shapes

20. Fig.7: Organization of Skeletal Muscle

22. Fig.8: Microscopic Organization of Skeletal Muscle

23. Fig.9: The Arrangement of filaments within a sarcomere

26. Fig.10: Structure of Thick & Thin filaments

27. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fiber
• Slow Oxidative Fibers
• Fast Oxidative–Glycolytic Fibers
• Fast Glycolytic Fibers

28. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
• Muscle contraction occurs because myosin heads attach to
and “walk” along the thin filaments at both ends of a
sarcomere, progressively pulling the thin filaments toward the
M line
• As a result, the thin filaments slide inward and meet at the
center of a sarcomere
• They may even move so far inward that their ends overlap
• As the thin filaments slide inward, the I band and H zone
narrow and eventually disappear altogether when the muscle
is maximally contracted.
• However, the width of the A band and the individual lengths
of the thick and thin filaments remain unchanged

29. PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• Since the thin filaments on each side of the sarcomere are
attached to Z discs, when the thin filaments slide inward, the
Z discs come closer together, and the sarcomere shortens
• Shortening of the sarcomeres causes shortening of the whole
muscle fiber, which in turn leads to shortening of the entire
muscle

30. Fig.11: Sliding filament Mechanism of muscle contraction

31. Fig.12: The Contraction Cycle

32. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Fig.13: Structure of Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

33. Joints

34. Introduction
• A joint, also called an articulation or arthrosis is a point of
contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or
between bone and teeth
• The scientific study of joints is termed arthrology
• The study of motion of the human body is called kinesiology

35. Structural Classification of joints
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints

36. Functional Classification of joints
• Synarthrosis
• Amphiarthrosis
• Diarthrosis

38. ..Contd

39. ..Contd

40. Fig.14: Fibrous Joints

41. Fig.14: Fibrous Joints

42. Fig.15: Cartilaginous Joints

43. Fig.16: Structure of typical Synovial Joint

44. Fig.17: Types of Synovial Joints

45. TYPES OF MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS

46. Fig.18: Gliding movements at Synovial Joints

47. Fig.19: Angular movements at Synovial Joints

48. Fig.20: Angular movements at Synovial Joints: Abduction,
Adduction & Circumduction

49. Fig.21: Rotation at Synovial Joints

50. Fig.22: Special Movements at Synovial Joints

51. Reference
Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. "Tortora's Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology. 15th ed. Noida: Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.; 2017.

52. Disclaimer
The e-content is exclusively meant for academic
purposes and for enhancing teaching and learning.
Any other use for economic/commercial purposes is
strictly prohibited. The users of the content shall not
distribute, disseminate or share it with anyone else
and its use is restricted to advancement of individual
knowledge. The information provided in this e-
content is developed from authentic references, to
the best practice of my knowledge.

53. Thank You