Blood in urine is known as haematuria. It can be visible or non-visible. There are many causes for this. It is essential to differentiate haematuria from other causes of red colour in urine.

1. Blood In Urine?

2. Blood
in
urine

3. Visible
(Macroscopic)
Non-visible
(Microscopic)

4. 1. Dipstick testing

5. 2. Urine microscopy

6.  Contamination in menstruating women
 Other causes of red urine
 Eg- Beetroot, blackberries

7. Urinary
tract
cancer
Urinary
Tract
tuberculosis

8.  Tumours
 Stones
 Infection
 Renal disease
 Other

9. Renal cancers
(60%
of cases)
Bladder
cancers (80%
of cases)
Prostate
cancers (12%
of cases)

10. Anywhere
along the
urinary tract
Typically at
narrowing sites
• Pelvi-ureteric
junction
• Pelvic brim
• Vesico-ureteric
junction

11.  Urinary tract infection (UTI)
 Acute pyelonephritis
 Urinary tuberculosis
 Schistosoma haematobium infection
 Bacterial endocarditis

12. Glomerulonephritis
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
Anti-glomerular basement
membrane disease
• Wegener’s granulomatosisSmall-vessel vasculitis
Post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
Immunoglobulin A
nephropathy
• Alport’s syndrome
• Adult polycystic kidney disease
Inherited renal disorders

13.  Trauma
 Direct urethral trauma
 Blunt or penetrating abdominal/ pelvic injury

14.  Iatrogenic
 Renal biopsy
 Transurethreal resection of
prostate
 Cystoscopy
 Urinary catheterisation

15.  Vascular
 Arterio-venous malformations
 Renal vein thrombosis

16.  Extreme exertion
 Eg – distance running

17.  Bleeding diathesis
 Renal cysts
 Acute tubular necrosis
 Thin basement membrane disease
 Loin pain-haematuria syndrome